How to determine the syntactic role of the infinitive in a sentence. Presentation on the topic "the syntactic role of the infinitive". Combining the infinitive with words ending in -O
FBGOU HPE "MORDOVA STATE PEDAGOGICAL INSTITUTE NAMED AFTER M.E. EVSEVIEV"
Faculty of Philology
Department of the Russian language
COURSE WORK
The syntactic function of the infinitive
(based on the stories of V. Shukshin)
E. S. Pronina
Work manager
cand. Phil. Sciences, Associate Professor
V. Kashtanova
Saransk 2014
INTRODUCTION
CHAPTER I. THE SYNTAXIC NATURE OF THE INFINITIVE
1 History of the study of the infinitive in Russian linguistics
2 Semantics of the infinitive
CHAPTER II. SYNTAXIC FUNCTION OF THE INFINITIVE
1.2.3 Composite nominal predicate
CONCLUSION
REFERENCES
INTRODUCTION
Subject term paper- "The syntactic function of the infinitive in the stories of V. Shukshin."
general characteristics work: this course work is devoted to the consideration of one of the most important aspects of Russian syntax - the role of the infinitive as the main and secondary members of the sentence.
The relevance of the topic is that the question of the nature of the infinitive is traditionally the subject of various studies and disputes and still receives an ambiguous interpretation in syntax. And as a consequence of this - problems in the interpretation of the syntactic function of the indefinite form of the verb in the sentence by schoolchildren.
The question of the infinitive has always worried grammarians. Some of them (the Fortunatov school, except for A.M. Peshkovsky) decisively separated the infinitive from the verb, referring to the fact that, by its origin, the infinitive is a name with a verbal basis (cf .: know-know and know, know; become-become and become , articles, etc.) that the infinitive does not belong to either the predicative or attributive forms of the verb. The infinitive was declared a special part of speech and was considered as a word not involved in conjugation. Note that the infinitive under the name of “verb” distinguished from the verb into an independent category by I.F. Kalaidovich. Only academicians D.N. Ovsyaniko-Kulikovskiy, A.A. Shakhmatov and linguists of the Baudouin school insistently emphasized that the infinitive in modern Russian is a "verbal nominative", i.e. the main, original form of the verb.
In order for a given form to be called a verb, it does not need at all to have a definite personal ending, but it is quite enough to be related to a person, even if unknown outside the context. “The relation to the person makes the infinitive a conjugated part of speech,” wrote D.N. Ovsyaniko-Kulikovsky.
It is known that A.A. Potebnya, considering the infinitive as a special part of speech, nevertheless attributed to it a relation to an indefinite person. The infinitive, according to Potebna, "does not contain its subject, but requires it as an adjective and a verb."
Similarly, Academician A.A. Shakhmatov, following A.A. Potebney, insisted that “the idea of the infinitive evokes the idea of the producer of the corresponding action - the state; this is similar to how the adjective evokes an idea of the carrier of the corresponding quality - properties. Under certain conditions, the infinitive, while remaining the name of a verbal feature, may not evoke an idea of the producer of the feature; this is the case where the infinitive appears as a complement, where it has the meaning of an object [7, 343]. “It is impossible - without violence against the language and over one's consciousness - to see in the form of living a separate word that is not connected with the forms I live, I lived, etc.
So, the infinitive is inseparable from other forms of the verb. Even A.M. Peshkovsky, for a long time who considered the infinitive a special, albeit a mixed part of speech, was forced to recognize it as a verbal “nominative”: “As the nominative case (for the most part, singular) is taken by us as a simple bare name of an object without those complications in the thought process that are introduced by forms of indirect cases , so the indefinite form, due to its abstractness, appears to us as a simple naked expression of the idea of action, without the complications that are introduced into it by all other verbal categories.
Purpose of the work: to consider the syntactic role of the infinitive.
Work tasks:
Analyze the linguistic literature on this issue;
Consider the semantic nature of the infinitive;
Practically substantiate the syntactic role of the indefinite form of the verb with examples taken from the stories of V. Shukshin.
Theoretical basis for this work were the works of leading Russian linguists (Britsyn V.M., Vinogradova V.V., Zolotova G.A., Kazakova L.F., Lekonta P.A.).
Object of research: infinitive, its syntactic and semantic nature. We tried to confirm the theoretical provisions with examples from the works of V. Shukshin. The language of the writer's stories is rich, so the syntactic function of the infinitive in them is diverse, unusual, interesting, sometimes it is difficult to determine the syntactic role of the indefinite form of the verb.
The structure of the course work consists of an introduction, the main part, consisting of two chapters, a conclusion and a bibliographic list.
The introduction reveals the main provisions of the course work, defines the goal and objectives.
The first chapter of the main part - "The Syntactic Nature of the Infinitive" - covers theoretical issues related to the nature of the infinitive, the ambiguity of interpretations on the status of the indefinite form of the verb in morphology.
In the second chapter - "The syntactic nature of the infinitive in a sentence" - the role of the indefinite form of the verb as a member of the sentence is considered.
The material for the study was the stories of V. Shukshin: “How a hare flew in balloons”, “Letter”, “I choose a village for residence”, “Instruction”, “Resentment”, “Hunting to live”, “I believe!”, “Master” , "Crank", "Ticket for the second session", "Wolves", "Strong man", "Woe", "Version".
In conclusion, the results of the course work are summarized.
syntactic infinitive indefinite verb
Chapter I. SYNTAXICAL NATURE OF THE INFINITIVE
There is probably no more controversial issue that worries linguists as much as the question of the nature of the infinitive.
The modern interpretation of the infinitive, which is given in "Russian Grammar - 80", is as follows: "The infinitive, or the indefinite form of the verb, is the original form of the verbal paradigm. The infinitive is a form that only names an action and does not in any way indicate its relation to a person, number, time, reality or irreality. Of the morphological meanings inherent in the verb, the infinitive contains only non-inflective meanings of the form and voice (do, do, be done). The infinitive has special inflections -t / -ti and -chi, which are attached, as a rule, to the basis of the past tense.
These infinitive suffixes can be defined as formative within the verbal paradigm, some of them may be part of word-forming suffixes when forming verbs from other parts of speech.
The most productive is the suffix -т; it characterizes the infinitive of most Russian verbs: work, write, say, lie, cut, veil. The suffix -sti, -st characterizes the infinitive of a small group, the basis of the present tense of which ends in the consonants t, d, b, for example: put-put-lay, put; sit down, sit down, sit down. The suffix -ti (always under stress) is known for the verb to go and for a few verbs with the stem of the present tense on the consonants s, z; cf .: carry-carry, carry-carry. The suffix -ti preserves the most ancient form of the infinitive suffix. This suffix arose as a result of a phonetic change in the suffix -ti-reduction of the final -and in the absence of stress. The suffix -ch stands out in a few verbs with the stem of the present tense for the voiced back-lingual consonant r: shore-protect, guard-guard, can-can. This suffix goes back to the Old Russian suffix -chi (final and reduced).
1.1 The history of the study of the infinitive in Russian linguistics
The syntax and semantics of the infinitive are traditionally the subject of various studies of the Russian language.
In a number of studies, the infinitive stands out as a separate part of speech, sometimes moving closer to nouns. A.M. Peshkovsky qualifies the infinitive as "a noun that has not reached the verb by one step". The tradition of "considering the infinitive as one of the forms of the noun and ascribe to it the syntactic functions of the name", accurately noticed by G.A. , is also present in studies considering the infinitive in the system of verb forms, which manifests itself in attributing to this form the functions of a subject, object, inconsistent definition. In a number of works, the syncretic meanings of the infinitive are pointed out: "... the infinitive occupies an intermediate position between the category of the verb and the category of the noun". The infinitive is characterized as a specific interpartial form, devoid of clear morphological characteristics and used by two main parts of speech - a verb and a noun. The infinitive acts as the first (syntactic) stage of the transition of a verb into a noun, in which the attachment to the sphere of noun names is manifested in its syntactic positions, and belonging to the verb - in use with analytical morphemes.
According to some scientists, the answer to the question about the essence of the infinitive should be sought in the complexity of its functions. There are several such functions. The first, main function is the addition of modal and so-called phase verbs (that is, with the meaning of the beginning, end or continuation of the action). Two other points indicate the strengthening of the substantive nature of the infinitive: use as a subject, object or circumstance.
Like any other verb, the infinitive performs the function of connection, i.e. expresses the meaning of the relationship, content, or rather, the direction of which expresses it lexical meaning.
One of the traditions that has developed when considering the infinitive is to see in it a substitute (i.e. one of the forms) of the noun and attribute the syntactic functions of the name to it. This approach leaves unresolved a number of issues that are no less traditionally associated with infinitive constructions.
The basis for such an identity is usually taken as the possibility of posing a “nominal” question in the indirect case from the previous word and the presence of parallelism in constructions with the infinitive and the verbal name: am I learning what? - draw, drawing; hunting for what? - to wander, to wander. And also motivating this by the fact that, by its origin, the infinitive is not a verbal, but a nominal form and is a frozen form of the dative-local case of the singular of a verbal noun, inclined according to ancient bases to i. This name was drawn into the verb system and received the verbal categories of aspect and voice.
Proponents of this point of view argue that the proof that the infinitive in origin is a nominal, and not a verbal form is the fact that in the modern language its connections with the noun are still preserved. The following examples are given: the infinitive to be able and the noun to be able in the phrase to run at full speed, the infinitive stove and the noun stove, etc.
In the history of the Russian language, the suffix -ty of the infinitive changed into -th as a result of reduction and falling away [and] in an unstressed position; that is why in the Russian literary language the suffix -ti appears only in those cases when it is under stress: carry, grow, etc. In the written monuments, the forms of the infinitive in -ty have been noted since the 13th century, but the infinitive in -ty prevails. And this form appears according to tradition until the 17th-18th centuries.
A.M. Peshkovsky, offering his solution to the "mystery" of the infinitive, defines the modern infinitive as "a noun that has not reached the verb by one step." But such an interpretation contradicts the observations of Peshkovsky himself that “the indefinite form of the verb denotes an action, in contrast to the parallel verbal noun that denotes an object.” The categorical semantics of the class of words cannot be ignored. This is one of the important features that determine their nature and systemic place in the language, but in contrasting the meanings of the infinitive and the verbal noun as an action and an object, Peshkovsky relies not so much on semantics as on morphology. Semantically, the infinitive and the verbal name are related, the categorical semantics of both is the meaning of the action. But the verbal name, unlike the infinitive, means an objectified action, which is expressed in the morphological categories of the name. The discrepancy between semantic and morphological features determines the dual nature of the verbal name. The absence of any shade of objectivity, objectivity in the presence of verbal morphological features is the specificity of the modern infinitive and does not give reason to suspect a noun in it. It is no coincidence that a composing connection between a noun and an infinitive is impossible, to which D.N. Shmelev: the heterogeneous nature of these categories, reflecting the heterogeneity of the phenomena they designate, cannot give homogeneous relationships.
In rare and undeniably colloquial cases, where the infinitive appears in a composing connection with a noun, for example: Give me some food and tea; Bring a broom and wipe it with what, the impossible composition of the concepts of an object and an action does not occur: the infinitive appears here in a figurative sense, it names an object (usually a tool or means) according to its functional meaning.
According to Zolotova G.A. , experimental attempts to replace the infinitive in various constructions with subject names give a negative result, confirming the qualitative differences in the nature of these categories.
Thus, the point of view about the impossibility of considering the infinitive as one of the forms of the noun is confirmed.
Modern morphological theories consider the infinitive as one of the forms in the verb system. But the accepted syntactic approach just ignores the verbal nature of the infinitive, its meaning of action.
The common thing that predetermines the parallelism of the syntactic use of the infinitive and the verbal noun, as well as the infinitive and the personal forms of the verb, is not in objectivity, but in the verb stem, in the semantics of action.
The semantics of the infinitive, like any other lexico-grammatical category, determines its entire syntactic position. This is manifested in the fact that the name of an action can only enter into those syntactic connections that the action enters into with other phenomena of the extralinguistic world.
The connection of the action with the doer, the subject, is a condition for the very implementation of the action: the object exists, the action does not exist, but is carried out only as a function of the acting subject.
Peshkovsky, recognizing that “it is logically impossible to imagine an activity without any relation to the actor”, believed that due to the “irrationality of the language” it “created a special category (infinitive) with this meaning” . But, according to G.A. Zolotova, “it is hardly worth exaggerating the irrationality of the language, since the lack of expression of personal meaning in the morphological form of the infinitive is overcome syntactically by the language.”
The difference between the infinitive and personal forms lies in the absence of a morphological personality formant and in case form syntactic expression of a person: with an infinitive, the figure is named not in the nominative, but in the dative case: “It is impossible ... to unconditionally oppose the infinitive to all other “predicative forms” of the verb,” wrote V.V. Vinogradov. The difference between an infinitive sentence and a dictionary infinitive is that the subject of the action in the first case is always known. In a sentence containing a message about an action, the subject of the action, potential or real, in principle always realizes its meaning in one of the three hypostases of a person: definitely personal, indefinitely personal or generalized.
So, the syntactic position of the infinitive is determined by its semantics.
2 Semantics of the infinitive
The infinitive as an indefinite form of the verb significantly expands the range of modal meanings expressed by personal verbs. Sentences with infinitives form with simple and complex sentences complex system, whose members are in a relationship of mutual conditionality and complement.
The appeal to the infinitive as part of a sentence reveals its distinctly expressed predicative functions, associated not with the name of phenomena, as is typical, for example, of a verbal noun, but with the designation of manifestations. The infinitive, like personal verbs, has the properties of verb control. The combination of the infinitive with the subject is one of the most important prerequisites for the possibility of using this form. In this respect, the infinitive turns out to be even more "verbal" than the personal forms. This is evidenced by the limited functions of many infinitives correlative with impersonal verbs, for example, infinitives denoting manifestations of nature, functional, psychological and intellectual processes, modal relations: lighten up, shiver, feel, imagine, seem, etc. Such infinitives are used only in combination with modal and phase verbs. Thus, despite A.M. Peshkovsky, indicating that "she (indefinite form) also has an important difference from the verb, which consists in the fact that it does not contain any indication of the active subject", in terms of the actual use of the infinitive in the sentence, a regular focus of this form on the real or potential (generalized, indefinite subject.
The verbal position is one of the most characteristic of the infinitive. (According to the observation of Britsyn V.M., in the modern Russian literary language there are about four hundred verbs in which the use of a dependent infinitive is possible.
Numerous facts of both correlation and non-correlation of infinitives and verbal nouns testify to the presence of certain similarities between them, which, with individual personal verbs, become more significant than differences. With other verbs, differences come to the fore, causing the possibility of using only the infinitive, or only the verbal noun. In this regard, the semantics of the supporting verb becomes an important tool for explaining the functional role of the infinitive in a sentence. The identification of the semantic properties of the verb, which contribute to the consolidation of their position specifically for the infinitive, requires the development of a system of their opposition to the verb, which cannot be combined with the infinitive.
For example, Britsyn V.M. the following classification of verb constructions with a dependent infinitive is given:
Verbs denoting an impulse to act, and in their composition verbs expressing: a) the impulse itself, b) permission, c) an impulse to move, d) help;
Verbs of movement associated with movement in space and devoid of this feature;
Verbs denoting ability, disposition and other attitudes to action, divided into subgroups of verbs: a) ability, b) acquisition-loss of skills and habits, c) hopes, expectations, d) desires, e) aspirations, f) intentions, decisions, g) readiness, determination, h) attempts, i) consent, promises, j) haste, k) emotional attitude, m) prayers;
Verbs expressing the beginning, continuation or termination of an action.
CHAPTER II. SYNTAXIC FUNCTION OF THE INFINITIVE
The syntactic function of the infinitive in a sentence is varied. The indefinite form of the verb can be expressed as the main members of the sentence - subject and predicate - and secondary - definition, addition, circumstance. According to its semantics, the natural syntactic role of the infinitive in a sentence is the predicate.
1 The main members of the sentence, expressed in the infinitive
The members of the sentence are considered as the core of categories, characterized by a complete set of differential features. In addition, following Babaitseva V.V., we will consider as typical members of the sentence those in which the absence or weakening of any feature, as well as the appearance of any feature characteristic of another category, does not affect the syntactic meaning of the sentence member .
The main members of the sentence - the subject and the predicate - form the structural scheme of the sentence and usually express the linguistic component of the semantics of the sentence.
1.1 Infinitive subject
According to the classification of Lekant P.A., the Russian language is characterized by two main forms of the subject - nominative and infinitive.
The infinitive subject is very semantically capacious, since the infinitive retains its syncretic nature in this function as well.
The infinitive in the position of the subject does not receive an objective meaning, is not substantiated, while all the "substituents" of the noun are substantiated and get the opportunity to be combined with agreed definitions. With an infinitive subject, a verbal predicate cannot be used, which means that the infinitive in the position of the subject cannot denote the producer of the action.
The infinitive in the function of the subject retains its inherent meaning of the action, presented outside of connection with the subject and outside of the flow in time. Thus, the infinitive denotes an independent sign (action), the characteristic of which is contained in the predicate.
The grammatical independence of the infinitive subject is based on the invariability of the infinitive and is manifested in its position relative to the predicate.
A sentence with an infinitive subject is characterized by a clear division into two compositions - the composition of the subject and the composition of the predicate. IN oral speech it is expressed in intonation, in writing- dash sign. The division into two compounds can be formalized with the help of the particle this and auxiliary verbs.
The infinitive can play the role of the subject even if the infinitive group comes after the composition of the predicate, which includes predicate words. Subject inversion is associated with the actualization of the infinitive subject, the feature of which is revealed in the predicate.
Structural types of the infinitive subject
Two structural types of the infinitive subject are distinguished, differing in the means of expressing the grammatical meaning, - and the infinitive-nominal (compound) subject.
proper infinitive subject
The infinitive subject itself is characterized by the combination of both elements of grammatical meaning in one lexical unit: the meaning of the predicatively determined independent action is based on the morphological nature of the infinitive, and the grammatical independence of the subject is expressed using the formal indicator of the infinitive.
The grammatical form of the infinitive subject itself is manifested:
In the infinitive of a full-valued verb.
For example:
I just lived and did not understand that it is wonderful to live.
In general, life is good.
In the infinitive of a verbal phraseological unit.
For example:
A stupid thing - to amuse the soul on the beast.
But going crazy with grief is also ... stupidity.
In the form of an infinitive of a verb-nominal descriptive phrase. We did not come across such examples in the course of Shukshin's analysis.
In each of the indicated means of expressing the grammatical form, there is no separation of the indicators of the elements of the grammatical meaning of the infinitive subject.
Compound (infinitive-nominal) subject
The compound subject is two-component. Each component has its own functions. The infinitive component indicates the independent, independent nature of the sign contained in the subject and expresses the grammatically independent position of the subject in the sentence. The nominal component expresses the syntactic meaning of the attribute and its material content.
The verbal component of the compound subject performs service (auxiliary) functions. It itself cannot act as an independent subject, since it is represented by the infinitive form of linking verbs, that is, verbs with a grammatical lexical meaning. In addition to the indicated elements of the main grammatical meaning of the subject, the infinitive - “bundle” introduces additional shades: statements of the presence of an independent feature (to be), indications of the occurrence of a feature (to become, etc.) or its discovery (to appear).
For example:
It was interesting to become a pilot.
Being a teacher is difficult.
The compound subject differs from the proper infinitive not only in structure, but also in semantics. In the infinitive subject itself, an independent action is expressed, in the compound subject - an independent quality, property.
1.2 Predicate expressed by the infinitive
As a structural-semantic component of a sentence, a typical predicate has the following properties:
Included in the block diagram of the proposal;
It is expressed by the conjugated form of the verb and nouns, adjectives and others.
Structurally subordinate to the subject;
Takes a position after the subject (not always);
Corresponds to a logical predicate;
Indicates a predicative sign of the subject of speech;
Expressed in predicative words;
Denotes a new, rheme (but can also designate a topic).
These properties of the predicate constitute a complex of differential features of the concept of a typical predicate and are included in its definition in various combinations.
An exhaustive definition of the predicate, as well as the subject, is difficult to give, since even the inclusion of all the features of the predicate noted above does not cover all cases of the functioning of the predicate in speech.
1.2.1 Simple verbal predicate
The infinitive in the meaning of the indicative mood is used under the following grammatical condition: the infinitive is directly related to the subject - without the help of a conjugated verb, and this is not a consequence of a gap or ellipsis. The result of this use of the infinitive is the designation of the action related to the subject, in terms of a certain time. This meaning of the infinitive characterizes it as one of the forms of a simple verbal predicate.
The infinitive expresses the main components of the grammatical meaning of the predicate differently than the conjugated verb forms:
The meaning of time is expressed descriptively - by the ratio of the predicate and the subject in the composition of the sentence, taking into account the syntactic environment. Therefore, the temporal meaning is not always sufficiently clear and indisputable.
The infinitive in the function of the indicative mood does not have one temporary meaning. In a certain context, it can be used in the meaning of the past tense, or the present tense. But in the indicated usage, the infinitive does not form a modal-temporal paradigm of the predicate, that is, it is not a means of regular expression of the correlative modal and temporal meanings of a simple verbal predicate.
The grammatical subordination of the predicate to the subject does not receive a fictitious expression. There is no dependence of the form of the predicate on the form of the subject: they have neither direct nor indirect influence on each other. Consequently, the relation of the predicative attribute to the subject is not expressed by the form of the predicate, but is conveyed by syntactic means that are outside the predicate - word arrangement (the postposition of the predicate is the norm) and intonation. Intonation in the constructions under consideration plays a more prominent role than in sentences with an agreed predicate: it is not only a means of connecting the predicate with the subject, but also expresses the modal meaning of the infinitive and the sentence as a whole (the incentive value of the infinitive in the sentence, etc.).
The infinitive in the meaning of the indicative mood contains additional expressive and semantic shades, for example, an intense onset of action - “an energetic start to action”. The presence of "excessive meaning" determines the expressiveness of the considered forms, which is determined not by the lexical meaning of the verb, but by the construction of the sentence, the position of the infinitive. The very form of the predicate - the infinitive in the meaning of the indicative mood - is stylistically marked; its main area of use is everyday speech.
You can sit on it, smoke and - think.
Now I can’t sit on its banks with a fishing rod, I can’t go to the islands, where it’s calm and cool, where the bushes are bursting with every berry ...
... sand that eastern wall, as the master wanted, sheathe and lay the domes, and insert colored glass into the upper windows ...
1.2.2 Compound verbal predicate
In the main forms of the compound verbal predicate, the auxiliary component expresses one of the meanings - modal or phase. The grammatical nature of these meanings is also manifested in compatibility with the main component - the infinitive. It has no lexical restrictions, that is, any full-valued verbs in the infinitive can be combined with the corresponding forms of modal and phase verbs.
Specialized forms of a compound verbal predicate are a combination of the main component - the infinitive - with an auxiliary, which is expressed by conjugated forms of a phase or modal verb.
Phase verbs indicate the moment of the beginning of the course of the action expressed by the main component, and, thus, they are not realized independently. They seem to merge with the infinitive, playing with it the role of a kind of indicator of the moment of the action (beginning, continuation, end). Due to this, the construction of the predicate has integrity: both verbs complement each other.
The fusion of the components of the predicate is also manifested in the expression of specific meanings and shades. The main component is combined with phase verbs only in the imperfect form.
Sometimes it happened that the grandfather suddenly, for no reason at all, began to laugh.
And then - imperceptibly for themselves - they began to lie a little to each other.
Shurygin, stop being self-willed!
The verb continue is used in a compound verbal predicate only in the form of an imperfect form: the meaning of the limiting form of the perfect form is incompatible with the function of this verb in the infinitive - to express continuation, that is, the course of an action:
Maxim extinguished his cigarette on the sole of his shoe and continued to listen with interest.
A special position in the compound verbal predicate with a phase meaning is occupied by constructions in which the auxiliary component is expressed by the conjugated forms of the verb become. In its use in a compound verbal predicate, this verb differs from the proper phase verbs.
Sometimes the verb to become can be perceived as a phase verb with the meaning of the beginning of the action:
I began to slowly remove from the attic the books stolen earlier in the school cupboard.
During the war, from its very beginning, two misfortunes began to torment us children most of all: hunger and cold.
Mitka began to show signs of life.
In other cases, the verb become indicates the very fact of the presence of an action:
Philip began to think about his life.
And this deep quiet hatred also began to live in her constantly.
I began to think that again I did not pay tribute to Kolka Bystrov, so as not to think about Viy.
Sanka was completely sober, so they did not call the police.
In view of the extreme abstraction and indeterminacy of the lexical meaning of the verb to become in a compound verbal predicate, its role is mainly to express the general grammatical meanings of mood, tense, and the relation of the action expressed by the main component to the subject.
Despite these differences between the verb to become and phase verbs, the forms of the compound verb predicate, including this verb, are close in their basic grammatical properties to constructions with phase verbs: firstly, the infinitive is combined with conjugated forms to become only in an imperfect form; secondly, the form of the compound verbal predicate with the verb to become is characterized by "fusion", a close cohesion of the components expressing the action, decorated with all the main grammatical meanings.
Thus, the compound verbal predicate with conjugated forms of become adjoins constructions with phase verbs, although the verb to become itself does not have a distinct phase meaning.
Modal verbs express a modal assessment of the action, the name of which is contained in the main component - the infinitive.
In the compound verbal predicate with modal verbs, there is no such fusion of meaning that characterizes constructions with phase verbs. Modal verbs retain the independence of their content, they do not indicate the moment of the main action, they do not contain the specific characteristics of this action. This is not necessary, since the infinitive is combined with modal verbs in two aspectual forms.
Lekant P.A. identifies eight main types of modal meanings of the auxiliary component, expressed by modal verbs:
Duty (should, must, forced, etc.);
Why did we decide that good must overcome evil?
The teacher suddenly took off, ran from the side of the church where she was supposed to fall, and stood under the wall.
Possibility (to be able, to be able, to be in time, etc.);
And Nikitich can talk in this manner even all night - just hang up your ears.
Can years age a person?
Fyodor, in the heat of the moment, could not immediately come up with what to promise such a thing.
The rest of the villagers could not believe in any way.
Will (want, desire, dream, etc.);
The heat is hot, but I still want to sleep to death.
I want to find a village to live in.
The guy just didn't want to listen.
With a hint of readiness, determination to take action (decide, think, get together, etc.);
Decided not to wait for the police.
People noticed this, and no one dared to speak to him at that time.
With a hint of an attack on action, attempts to perform an action (try, try, try, etc.);
We followed them and also tried not to look at the plane: it was impossible to show that we were really such a completely impassable "village".
With a hint of consent or “allowing yourself” to perform an action (agree, take, etc.);
Tell me now: we allow you to repair the Talitsky church.
Subjective-emotional assessment (to love, prefer, become addicted, etc.);
Actually, I like to travel too.
Well, some kind of shed, fussing there - I like to gouge in free time.
Evaluation of the usual action (get used to, learn, adapt.
Then I got the hang of stealing books from the school bookcase.
Older people are all baptized in it, the deceased grandfathers and great-grandfathers were buried in it, as they used to see the sky every day.
In the considered types of modal meanings, general concept modal evaluation of the action, the relationship between the subject and the action, - evaluation, which is a mandatory grammatical meaning, expressed as an auxiliary component of specialized forms of a compound verbal predicate. This meaning is superimposed on the general grammatical meaning of the predicate.
In the compound verbal predicate, among non-specialized forms, two varieties are distinguished - synthetic and analytical forms.
In synthetic forms, the auxiliary component is mainly represented by either verb phraseological units or descriptive verb phrases.
Verbal phraseological units express the same modal meanings as the corresponding modal verbs in specialized forms. In the expression of the modal meaning, the entire composition of the verbal phraseological unit is involved. The general grammatical meaning of the predicate is expressed by the formal indicators of the conjugated verbal member of the phraseological unit. Since the modal meaning is characteristic of the phraseological unit as a whole, it must be assumed that the expression of general grammatical meanings and modal ones is not distributed between the components of the phraseological unit, i.e. carried out synthetically.
Well already promised, no, let's poison the soul now!
So, Vanechka, you can sleep through the whole kingdom of heaven.
And, in a good way, it would be necessary to drive him in three necks.
And I just cry for you, I came to congratulate you from the bottom of my heart.
He passionately wanted to look at the hut.
In analytical non-specialized forms of the compound verbal predicate, the auxiliary component has a two-term structure. It consists of a link and a full word from the class of names; each member has its own function. The link in the conjugated form expresses the main grammatical meaning of the predicate (the meaning of the present tense of the indicative mood is found in the zero form of the link to be). The nominal member expresses modal meaning. Thus, in analytical forms, the grammatical meanings of the auxiliary component are expressed separately. However, the analytical construction as a whole is functionally adequate to the conjugated modal verb (was willing to leave - agreed to leave).
The nominal member of the auxiliary component can be matched - these are the forms short adjectives or participles (glad, ready, much, forced, agree, etc.)
Bronka is silent for a while, ready to cry, howl, tear his shirt on his chest.
He was ready to cry.
The analytical constructions of the auxiliary component, although in principle they duplicate the main modal meanings of conjugated verbs, may differ from them in details both in some shades and in stylistic coloring. Some analytical constructions are not correlative in meaning with modal verbs (should, was glad, had to, etc.)
All the marked constructions of the main forms of the compound verbal predicate have an essential common feature- the expression of one of the specific grammatical meanings, phase or modal, - but they differ in the ways of transferring these meanings, the means of expressing the auxiliary component.
Complicated forms of the compound verb predicate
In the complicated forms of the compound verbal predicate, not one, but two grammatical meanings of the phase or modal type are expressed. This means that in addition to the main, real infinitive component, the compound form includes at least two auxiliary units. The grammatical complication of the compound verbal predicate is carried out at the expense of the auxiliary component.
A complication of the compound verbal predicate lies in the additional expression of the grammatical meaning specific to the auxiliary component, i.e. modal or phase. The elimination of the complicating component leads to the loss of the additional grammatical meaning, but does not affect the real meaning of the predicate.
No matter how complex the structure of the compound verbal predicate is, no matter how many grammatical meanings of the modal or phase type are expressed in it, the basis of the grammatical form of this structural subtype of the predicate remains unshakable - its fundamental two-part, two-component nature. The complication occurs due to the auxiliary component, which acquires an additional meaning, but retains the main function unchanged - the expression of the grammatical meanings of modality, tense and the relation of the predicative feature to the subject. The grammatical complication does not concern the main component - the infinitive of a full-valued verb.
The main component of a compound verbal predicate can only receive a lexical complication - due to the infinitive of the second full-valued verb. Two infinitives of full-valued verbs, not connected by object or target relations, can be included in a compound verbal predicate only if they denote accompanying actions, the meaning of the predicate does not change.
Thus, the grammatical complication of the compound verbal predicate occurs only due to the auxiliary component. This type of predicate is not distinguished by all scientists.
The girl Vera began to go to bed.
1.2.3 Compound nominal predicate.
The infinitive in the function of the nominal part does not lose its categorical. The estimated, characterizing value of the infinitive as part of the predicate acquires due to the relationship with the subject, represented by certain categories of nouns. The infinitive is used in a predicate with a subject - a noun with a modal-evaluative meaning (goal, task, purpose, happiness, pleasure, etc.) or with a general meaning of activity (business, occupation, work, etc.).
Relations of identification are established between the subject and the predicate:
If only we could start over!
Complicated forms of compound nominal predicate
The complicated forms of the compound nominal predicate are built on the basis of the basic forms and differ from them in additional grammatical meanings.
The complication of the forms of the compound nominal predicate is achieved with the help of verbs (or other forms, in particular analytical ones) used as an auxiliary component of the compound verbal predicate. These complicating means introduce the corresponding grammatical meanings into the compound nominal predicate - phase and modal.
She wants to be like her mother.
Sasha was shaking, but he gathered all his strength and wanted to be calm.
And the driver, Mikolay Igrinev, is a year old for me, and he is trying so hard to drive evenly, you can’t hesitate too much either: we are retreating.
Philip was accustomed to doing this way in the morning - from home to the ferry, he made it thoughtlessly.
The generalized meaning of the interchangeable part, expressed by the infinitive, focuses on the meaning of specialized forms of nouns - the nominative and instrumental cases of the noun in the predicate. However, there is no reason to talk about duplication of the indicated value. The infinitive denotes not an object, but an action outside its course and outside of relation to the subject.
Complicated forms retain the main structural features of the compound nominal predicate: functional separation of the main and auxiliary components, means and forms of expression of the nominal part. The complication affects only the auxiliary component, and its consequence is the expression of one or more additional grammatical meanings.
2 Secondary members of the sentence expressed by the infinitive
The members of the sentence, being a functional category for their material expression, use certain parts of speech, more precisely, the forms of these parts of speech. On the other hand, parts of speech, in a historical aspect, are frozen members of a sentence, that is, categories that have been singled out on the basis of functional features. In this regard, there is a certain relationship between parts of speech and members of a sentence. The core of each minor member of the sentence consists of such members of the sentence, the syntactic function of which is correlative with their morphological expression. So, the most typical way of expressing a circumstance is an adverb; additions - prepositional case forms of names; definitions - adjective and other agreed parts of speech. Thus, there are ways of expressing members of a sentence that are typical, inherent in their syntactic and morphological nature, and there are ways of expressing members of a sentence that are atypical, not determined by their morphological and syntactic nature.
The members of the sentence, the way of expression of which corresponds to their syntactic function, are called morphologized, and the members of the sentence, the way of expression of which does not correspond to their syntactic function, are called non-morphologized. Thus, the syntactic function of the infinitive, which expresses the secondary members of the sentence, is atypical. There are few such examples in the works under consideration. Often morphologized and non-morphologized members of a sentence can be combined in a homogeneous series.
The infinitive can express both a definition, an object, and a circumstance.
2.1 Definition expressed by the infinitive
Definition - a secondary member of the sentence, explaining the word form with an objective meaning and naming the attribute of this object.
Definitions expressed by the infinitive serve to reveal the content of the subject, often denoted by an abstract noun.
She painfully experienced this indestructible, fireproof passion of her husband - to write, write and write in order to restore order in the state ...
So the idea of Christ arose from the desire to conquer evil.
Solodovnikov felt a keen desire to act.
Found an opportunity to spoil an important minute.
And while he was walking, the very idea came to his mind - to call Yegor here.
There is an irresistible desire to look down into a dark corner.
2.2 Complement expressed by the infinitive
Complement - a minor member of the sentence, denoting the object to which the action is directed, which is the result of the action or its tool, the object in relation to which the action is performed or the sign is manifested.
Complements expressed by the infinitive designate an action as an object to which another action is directed. The swarm of the complement can be a subjective or objective infinitive.
The infinitive is called subjective if the subject of the action indicated by it coincides with the subject of the action indicated by the verb being explained.
When I was very young, for example, I dreamed of gathering three of us - four of us, equipping a boat, taking guns, tackle and sailing along the rivers to the Arctic Ocean.
No one calls for wordlessly enduring insults, but immediately because of this, overestimate all human values, put the very meaning of life on the priest - this is also, you know ... a luxury.
An infinitive is called objective if the subject of the action indicated by the infinitive does not coincide with the subject of the action indicated by the word being explained.
I hate it when they teach you how to live.
2.3 Circumstance expressed by the infinitive
Circumstance - a minor member of the sentence, explaining the member of the sentence, which denotes an action or sign, and indicates the method of performing the action, its quality or intensity, or the place, time, reason, purpose, condition with which the action or manifestation of the sign is associated.
The infinitive expresses only the circumstances of the goal, which indicate the purpose of the commission of an action.
He was in the city (he went to buy a motorcycle), went to a restaurant there to eat.
I got up and went to their room to see what stoves were in the city.
Tomorrow we will call grandfather to spend the night, and you will read it all to us again.
Late in the evening we arrived at the brigade's house, where we sat down to sip our mash.
It's time to go to you - to be treated.
Kaigorodov stopped to light a cigarette.
As can be seen from the above examples, the syntactic function of the infinitive in a sentence is diverse. The indefinite form of the verb expresses all members of the sentence. This speaks to the complex and ambiguous nature of the infinitive both in syntax and morphology.
CONCLUSION
The syntax and semantics of the infinitive are traditionally the subject of various studies of the Russian language. Peshkovsky A.M. called the infinitive a cryptic category of the verb, in independent part Halaydovich I.F. singled out speeches under the name of “verb”; representatives of the Fortunatov school separated the infinitive from the verb, referring to the fact that, by its origin, the infinitive is a name with a gagol stem and the proof of this is the preserved connections of the infinitive with the noun, for example, the infinitive to be able and the noun to be able in the phrase to run at full speed, etc. In a number of works by L. Tenier, an intermediate position of the infinitive is indicated - between the category of the verb and the category of the noun.
According to G.A. Zolotova, such a variety of interpretations of the infinitive is based on the insufficient development of the principles for classifying parts of speech, and the lack of a comprehensive description of the syntactic positions of the infinitive.
In the course of the work, we came to the following conclusions.
First, the syntactic position of the infinitive is determined by semantics.
Secondly, two forms of existence of the infinitive should be distinguished. As a dictionary representative of all other verbal forms, the infinitive acts in a purely nominative function as the name of an action. In the speech use of the infinitive, in contrast to the dictionary one, the nominative function is dominated by the predicative, expressed in syntactic links.
Thirdly, the understanding of the infinitive in morphology and syntax is different. In morphology, the infinitive is taken as the original form (the rules for the formation of a number of forms are formulated from the basics of the infinitive). In syntax, the infinitive represents a secondary form: the modal and expressive coloring of the infinitive takes it beyond the main models of the syntactic "center". “The infinitive is not the center of the verbal system, but its outskirts,” wrote V.V. Vinogradov. . At the same time, the infinitive "outskirts" of syntax are in themselves quite extensive and not simply arranged. Thus, the syntactic function of the infinitive in a sentence is diverse. The indefinite form of the verb can be expressed as the main members of the sentence - subject and predicate - and secondary - definition, addition, circumstance.
According to its semantics, the natural syntactic function of the infinitive in a sentence is the predicate. The infinitive can be expressed:
proper infinitive subject
In general, life is good.
Compound subject
Being a teacher is difficult.
Simple verb predicate:
Well, I haven’t hit it with a horn yet - I would sit on his head like a sheaf on a pitchfork.
Compound verb predicate
From childhood, the father began to carry around the taiga with him.
Compound nominal predicate
I lie down and try to think more cheerfully about it.
Definition
There is an irresistible desire to look down.
Addition
I ask you to receive this iron today.
Purpose Circumstances
Kaygorov stopped to light a cigarette.
So, the infinitive is a category with a special syntactic behavior, with its own functions and constructive possibilities, due to its semantic specificity. All members of a sentence can be expressed in the indefinite form of the verb.
REFERENCES
Avilova N.S. The aspect of the verb and the semantics of the verb word. -M., 1976.-326 p.
Babaitseva V.V. One-part sentences in modern Russian. - M., 1968.-S.62-65.
Babaitseva V.V. The system of sentence members in modern Russian. -M., 1988.-158 p.
Bandarko A.V., Bulanin L.L. Russian verb. - L., 1967. - 192 p.
Vinogradov V.V. From the theory of studying Russian syntax// Selected Works. -M., 1958.-400 p.
Vinogradov V.V. Selected works. Studies in Russian grammar. -M., 1975.-475 p.
Vinogradov V.V. Russian language. -M.1986.-343 p.
Questions of the theory of parts of speech. -L., 1968.-343 p.
Grammar of modern Russian literary language. - M., 1970.- S. 567-569, 573.
Zhirmunsky V.M. On the nature of parts of speech and their classification / / Questions of parts of speech. - L., 1968. - From 7-32.
Zolotova G.A. Essay on the functional syntax of the Russian language. -M., 1973.-351 p.
Zolotova G.A. On the syntactic nature of the modern Russian infinitive // Philological Sciences. - 1979. -№5. -C 43-51.
Zolotova G.A. Syntax Dictionary. -M., 1988.- 440 p.
Lekant P.A. Types and forms of the predicate in modern Russian. -M., 1976.- S.29-32.
Meshchaninov I.I. Members of a sentence and parts of speech. - L., 1978. - 378 p.
General Linguistics / Ed. N.M. Kodukhov. -M., 1973.-318 p.
Peshkovsky A.M. Russian syntax in scientific coverage. -Mu, 1956. -511s.
Russian grammar in 2 vols. T.I.-M., 1980. - S.674-675.
Modern Russian language / Ed. V.A. Beloshapkova.-M., 1989. - 450 p.
Sunik O.P. General theory parts of speech. -M.-L., 1966. - 132.p.
Suprun A.E. Grammatical properties of words and parts of speech// Questions of the theory of parts of speech. -L., 1968.- S.208-218.
Suprun A.E. Parts of speech in Russian. M., 1971. - 134 p.
Tenier L. Fundamentals of structural syntax. -M., 1988. - 654 p.
Fedorov A.K. Difficult questions of syntax. -M., 1972. - 239 p.
Fortunatov F.F. Selected works. -M., 1956. - 450 p.
Chernov V.I. Questions of classification of a complex predicate // Questions of the syntax of the Russian language. - Kaluga, 1969. - S. 64-81.
Shmelev D.N. Syntactic articulation of an utterance in modern Russian. -M., 1976. - 150 p.
Shukshin V.M. Up to the third roosters. Tales. Stories. - M., 1976. - S. 9 -392.
Shcherba L.V. On the parts of speech in the Russian language // Language system and speech activity. - L., 1974. - S. 77-100.
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A verb in an indefinite form (infinitive) can be not only the main, but also any minor member of the sentence. It is necessary to distinguish the infinitive in a grammatical basis from the infinitive performing other syntactic functions.
1) Drive (vile.) on such a horse was a pleasure for him.
3) The infinitive acts as circumstances And most often with verbs of motion:
He went to the princess (for what purpose?) say goodbye.
They went abroad for two years (for what purpose? why?)
work in the construction of a hydroelectric power station.
4) The infinitive can be addition , denoting the action of another person (object). In such constructions, mistakes are especially often made, including the infinitive in the composition of the predicate!):
Mother asked(action mothers)me (about what?) call
(action of another person) after classes.
This book teach(action books, subject) you (what?)
understand(action of another person, understand you will You)world of nature.
The servant was told (what?) no one to him keep out (ordered was one person don't let anyone in must servant).
5) The infinitive can be definition , including with an explanatory meaning:
You surprised me with your decision (what?) drive Tomorrow.
He now has only one constant desire (which one)? - sleep.
Exercise 1.In these proposals, the main members are highlighted; read the sentences and explain the legitimacy of highlighting the grammatical basis in each case; indicate the type of predicate.
1) Last years she a lot of works._______
3) Let's check this exercise._______
4) Now we will together choose him a gift.______
5) He came to school on time._______
6) He got furious after learning about it._______
7) In my opinion, stop beating your ass, it's time to take up the mind!______
8) We together we will meet New Year._______
9) We will be glad to see you on our holiday._______
10) She Always glad meeting with you.______
11) This girl will amazing beauty._______
12) For me life still beautiful and amazing!_____
13) He for the second year is mine companion. ______
14) Chosen by you path, In my opinion, The shortest.______
15) This film adaptation seems to me more interesting.______
16) T ema writing seems to be very difficult.______
17) Conflict after these events became more tighter.______
18) She does not want Nothing speak.______
19) It was not necessary to you break up.______
20) Here can't stop for a long time.______
21) I am not going to in front of you make excuses.______
22) You begin something understand.______
23)The city was founded in the nineteenth century.______
24) It the allowance will help you to understand the difficult questions of our subject.______
25) He, I think will be able you help.______
26) She asks stay longer at the dacha.______
27) daughter left study with a friend.______
28) Good faith study – Here today is your task. ______
29) I Badly I know this area and I do not remember, How turned out near the subway.____
30) The young man who rode with us in the same compartment, turned out to be a student of our institute and already on the road managed to please to all the girls . _____
Exercise 2.
What words are the grammatical basis in the following sentences?
A)Each of the employees in such an organization of activities is a generalist.
1) each is a generalist;
2) each of the employees is;
3) each is;
4) Each of the employees is a generalist
b)We have a deputy director - in the past, by the way, a cashier - should, seeing a queue in the trading floor, start serving customers himself.
1) deputy director - cashier;
2) the cashier must;
3) the deputy director should start;
4) Deputy director should start serving.
Exercise 3Mark the number of the sentence with the specified type of predicate:
A)with a simple verb:
1) The room has not been cleaned yet.
2) Your tomorrow will be different.
3) He will study at your school.
4) You will need to take a picture today.
b)with compound verb:
1) In my opinion, he is not to blame at all.
2) Finally, all things are packed!
3) Such reports and messages will help you better understand the events
today's life of the country.
4) I can't go to the cinema with you tomorrow.
V)with compound noun:
1) You must call him after seven.
3) At the lessons he became much more attentive.
4) They are glad to meet you again.
Exercise 4In which case Right What is the grammatical basis of one of the following sentences?
A) A. She sat at the window, turned away, and seemed pale.
B. As a result of the inactivity of the company's management, the financial
the situation began to worsen.
C. Three young birches grew under the windows of the school.
D. The students who were sitting upstairs did not hear this.
1) she sat and seemed (A);
2) the situation has become (B);
3) three birches grew (B);
4) students were sitting, did not hear (D).
b) A. During the presentation, the text will be read to you three times.
B. Latecomers to the lesson stood at the door.
B. They had to drive through the forest to the mill.
D. The square in the middle of the city was large and very dusty.
1) read the text (A);
2) latecomers were standing (B);
3) they should have (B);
4) the area was large (D).
Exercise 5. Indicate the grammatical basis in each sentence; determine the types of predicates and the syntactic functions of the infinitive (which member of the sentence is the infinitive):
1. If you do something nice to the people around you more often, they will become kinder and better.
2. The construction is already nearing completion, so it's time to think about greening this microdistrict.
3. One way to live greener is to use less summer cottages harmful chemicals.
4. Lyubov Sliska said: "Let's stop preventing ourselves from loving our country."
5. Genius is immediately visible, talent must be seen (J. Flanner).
6. Father bequeathed us to study and become educated people.
7. They have already gone to the station to meet you.
8. My brother rushed to catch up with my offender, but he had already managed to escape.
9. And who tells you to mess around? Are you not your own master?
10. Gradually, some kind of indifference began to take possession of him, a desire to give up everything and go somewhere in the wilderness.
11. He advised us to be more circumspect and not rush to conclusions.
12. Life has to be a little crazy, otherwise it's just a series of Thursdays strung on top of each other (K. Costner).
13. He went to visit his parents and will be in the city in two days.
14. We wanted to go further that evening, but the owners persuaded us to stay overnight.
15. Don't be so upset about the triple, let's do more this week, and then you can correct the grade.
16. Now the main thing for you is to think over a plan of action.
Morphological analysis of the verb
Parsing order
I. Part of speech. General value. initial form(infinitive).
II. Morphological features.
Permanent features: a) view; b) transitivity; c) return; d) conjugation.
Non-permanent signs: a) inclination (indicative, imperative, subjunctive); b) time (if any); c) number; d) person (if any); e) gender (if any).
III. syntactic role.
initial form of the verb
Remember: infinitive May be any member of the proposal .
However, the definition of the syntactic function of the infinitive is often difficult.
In order not to be mistaken in determining the syntactic function of the infinitive, it is necessary to carefully study the theoretical material on this issue.
The infinitive as the main members of the sentence
v Independent infinitive standing at the first place in the offer and intonation separated from the predicate, is subject . He names the action, the characteristic of which is contained in the predicate. At the same time, as a rule, it contains a defined concept, about which some kind of judgment is expressed:
Live means to work.
Play Hockey is his main passion.
Create happiness is high work.
All exaggerate was his passion.
v The infinitive subject can take and postposition if the second main member at the beginning of the sentence has explicit estimated value:
The scariest part of our job is stay in your growth.
His business was patronize junior and take care about the elders.
Wasted labor - to fish without hook and study without a book.
v Presence at one of the main members of the bundle THIS indicates that we have a predicate, and infinitive - subject :
It's against our law commemorate old.
The most it affordable way exalt oneself in one's own eyes humiliate .
What happiness is respect parents.
v Sometimes the order of the words is decisive in determining the main members:
Become a sailor - his dream . His dream – become a sailor .
v The infinitive-subject, like the infinitive-predicate, can include words dependent on it, if one verb does not convey the meaning of the statement. Often this is found in proverbs, aphorisms:
Steal from a thief - only time to waste .
Fool to teach – what to heal the dead .
play a song – no field to yell .
Nothing to do – hard work .
house to lead – don't shake your beard .
About the decision to speak - only confuse .
To drink a tea – don't cut wood .
v Difficulty can arise when the infinitive is combined with words in – ABOUT .
Remember:
if the infinitive is at the first place in the offer and followed by the word on – ABOUT , in front of us two-part offer with subject - infinitive :
Argue with him useless .
Tell jokes with liberalism dangerous .
Permutation of the infinitive in second place after the word - ABOUT , which is a category of state, turns the sentence into the impersonal :
It's useless to argue with him.
It wasn't easy to get to before work that day due to a snowstorm.
It's dangerous to joke with liberalism.
The presence of words of the category of state in the infinitive must, must, must, must, must, etc. says that this is the predicate of impersonal sentences (regardless of word order):
you have here you can get lost .
Ask about it it was impossible .
Need to find another solution.
v Independent infinitive can act as predicate in the so-called monolithic infinitive sentences (a kind of impersonal constructions):
Can't see to you more luck!
Raise sail!
Everyone get ready ! be silent ! Raise no objection commander!
Whom be in love ? To whom believe ?
Such constructions are most often ordered in nature, they are distinguished by categorical statements.
v Most often the infinitive is used in a compound verb predicate, which has two parts : auxiliary And basic. First conveys the grammatical meaning of mood, tense, person, number or gender, second (infinitive) - the main lexical meaning.
An auxiliary verb can have phase value (beginning, continuation, end of action ( began to gather, began to argue, continued to talk, stopped sawing ) and is used with the infinitive only imperfect:
At my sister's began to stick together eyes.
Welcoming host started me treat .
Other meanings - modal: possibility / impossibility of action ( didn't dare to confess ), obligations ( forced to endure, must go ), expressions of will (desirability, determination, readiness) - changed my mind about buying ; subjective-emotional character ( loved to eat ); estimates of the degree of commonness of the action ( used to command ).
In the presence of two verbs (conjugated and infinitive), both are part of the verbal predicate, If actions are to one person - the subject of action:
Ranks are given by people, and People may be deceived . (Griboyedov)
If actions are performed different faces, then the infinitive is not part of the compound verb predicate, but acts as a minor member:
Brother asked Pavka come through thick and thin. (N. Ostrovsky)
Strictly b forbade I'm on the shot for these gentlemen drive up to the capitals. (Griboyedov)
Infinitive in the role of secondary members of the sentence
Ø The infinitive can function inconsistent definitions . In this case, he explains nouns with modal meaning possibilities, necessity, desirability, will, etc. :
× noun which? × noun which?
solution refuse fear make a mistake
× noun which? × noun which?
necessity meet wish help .
Less commonly, the infinitive defines abstract nouns with a different meaning: manner argue, pleasure hunt, thought go, refusal obey and etc.:
× noun
Only hope which?) save supported her son.
× noun
They were driven by desire which?) to figure out truth.
× noun
Grushenka took a promise from him ( which?) come after her at twelve o'clock.
The opportunity suddenly arose which?) as soon as possible leave from this city.
Ø The infinitive is addition if the conjugated verb has a full lexical meaning, and the actions of the verbs are to different people :
I beg you about what?) speak on the merits of the case.
Father taught me what?) walk on a boat with a pole.
The king deigned to order What?) us you to him call . (P. Ershov)
In these examples, the actions of the verbs are to different people (I beg I , A will speak companion ; learned father , A going on a boat son ; ordered tsar , A came to call him subjects ).
ü Much less common are cases when the infinitive-complement denotes an action the same subject:
Yesterday we agreed about what?) go to the cottage
Within a week he learned what?) ride on skates.
Sister quickly got used to ( for what?) care for a sick mother.
Ø The infinitive can be purpose circumstance . At the same time, he joins only to the verb . The ability to carry an infinitive circumstance is possessed mainly by verbs moving in space ( lay down relax , sat down read , walked walk , ran catching up). If the infinitive refers to the verb of movement, then the subject of the action called by the infinitive and the subject of the action called by the supporting verb must be match :
Summer and autumn we're driving for Kama ( for what purpose?) gather mushrooms.
Wayfarers settled down by the stream ( for what purpose?) rest And feed horses.
The syntactic role of the infinitive
| Member of the proposal | Examples |
| Subject | Repeat Yes learn - sharpen the mind. Amazing and fun activity lie on your back in the woods and look up. Laugh healthy. |
| Predicate(or is part of the predicate) | To you not to see such battles! Argue with him I never could not . Lisa decided certainly her accompany . Hurry with an answer No need . |
| Addition | Crossing over He important sat down and a prisoner let down ordered. General Ants ordered fire . |
| inconsistent definition | He had a cherished dream – get over to the capital. |
| Circumstance goals | To the Pavlysh school drive study from different countries. |
To be continued…
A.V. Kuklina
SYNTAXIC FUNCTIONS OF THE INFINITIVE
AS COMPOSITION OF VERB INFINITIVE STRUCTURES
The article attempts to describe the syntactic functions of the infinitive as part of verbal infinitive constructions in the unity of the linear and supralinear aspects.
The question of the syntactic functions of words and phrases in a sentence has not lost its significance in the science of language until now. This is due, first of all, to the fact that the members of a sentence are often interpreted from formal positions (members of a sentence are replaced by the logical concepts of subject, predicate, object), morphological positions (members of a sentence are identified with parts of speech), as well as structural ones (members of a sentence are determined by the position occupied by them in a sentence) positions. Little attention is paid to the grammatical side of the problem: as O.V. Alexandrova (Dolgova), the predominantly grammatical description of the members of the sentence is limited to the formulation of "questions" that are answered by these members of the sentence.
Numerous studies in this area, carried out primarily in the framework of the Moscow State University school under the direction of O.S. Akhmanova and her followers, convincingly showed that the most promising approach is in which the members of the sentence are interpreted as "the most typical combinations of a given syntactic connection and a given content of syntactic relations as the most regularly reproduced in various (diverse) statements" . In other words, the members of a sentence can be represented as more or less typical functions performed by words or phrases in the construction of an utterance.
The fruitfulness of the functional approach was demonstrated on the basis of various syntactic constructions. Taking as a basis the methodological principle of the unity of syntagmatics and syntax, A.N. Morozova on the material of attributive phrases showed that the syntactic in-
© Kuklina A.V., 2006
Kuklina Anna Vladimirovna - Department of English Philology, Samara State University.
interpretation this phenomenon is ambiguous and depends on a number of colligation and collocation features that affect the prosodic organization of this phenomenon in speech. S. A. Suchkova, who studied substantive prepositional combinations, came to a similar conclusion.
However, the need for a functional description of the member structure of a sentence is not limited to substantive groups. Of particular interest in this regard are verbal constructions, primarily combinations of the personal form of the verb with the infinitive. Verbal infinitive constructions have received a fairly complete description, primarily from the point of view of their structure (A.S. Hornby, Ya.M. Vovshin). The semantic aspect of the implementation of infinitive constructions has not been disregarded: in most works, a fairly detailed list of verbs in the personal form is given, after which the use of the infinitive is mandatory (L.S. Barkhudarov, O.G. Yagodnikova). Regarding the functional load of infinitive constructions in a statement, it should be said that there are still no clear criteria to distinguish between the roles of the infinitive in each specific case.
It is well known that the infinitive in a sentence can act as a component of a sentence member and as an independent member of a sentence. So, I.P. Ivanova and her co-authors talk about the infinitive as an object in the construction I wanted to tell them before they discover, at the same time L.S. Barkhudarov describes the infinitive in the structurally identical construction He seems to know it as part of a verbal compound predicate. A different approach, based on the rejection of the opposition part of the predicate / addition, is offered by G.G. Pocheptsov. Here, as the scientist believes, one should talk about the so-called complication of the predicate, as a result of which a complex syntactic structure arises, its syntactic status changes. Therefore, infinitive constructions of the type I like to sing, where both verbal elements correspond to one subject, should be considered as a complicated member of the sentence.
However, the matter is not limited to the problem of the independence of the infinitive as a member of the sentence. In the interpretation of the infinitive, the "eternal" question of distinguishing between secondary members of the verb group - additions and circumstances - is quite clearly manifested. V.V. Burlakova analyzes various approaches to distinguishing between complement and circumstance (primarily semantic and transformational) and comes to the conclusion that it is fundamentally impossible to find universal objective criteria for their differentiation. B.A. Ilyish proposes to talk about "neutralization of differences" in cases where the object and circumstance cannot be distinguished, to call them "secondary members" without clarifying the syntactic essence.
All of the above convincingly showed that it is not possible to solve the problem of the role of infinitive constructions in a sentence using the methods existing in linguistic science. In our opinion, it is the appeal to the function performed by the infinitive in the statement that will allow us to get rid of both the structural and the semantic approach to delimiting the elements of the verb group.
A.I. Smirnitsky believes that "the function of the infinitive in a sentence ... is the further disclosure of the word to which the infinitive refers, that is, the function of explanation, while the specific relationship between the infinitive and the words combined with it is determined by the semantics of these words." It is on the meaning of the components of infinitive constructions that it depends whether the impersonal form of the verb approaches the object or circumstance. In other words, the explanation (extension) acts as a special member of the sentence, developing the content of the word preceding it. The syntactic connection of the explanation with the control word is characterized by sufficient mobility, approaching in its expression an attributive or complex connection.
The thesis that an appeal to sounding speech will make it possible to find objective criteria for determining the syntactic role of infinitive constructions was voiced in the doctoral dissertation of A.N. Morozova "Dialectical unity of linear and supralinear series in the dynamics of utterance". Within the framework of this article, the task is to describe the syntactic functions of infinitive constructions in the light of the interaction of their linear organization (morphosyntactic and lexical-phraseological features) and the supralinear series of the utterance (prosodic organization of speech segments).
Audio recordings of works of English fiction the second half of the twentieth century (J. Fowles "The French Lieutenant's Woman", J. Harris "Chocolate", S. Townsend "Adrian Mole and Weapons of Mass Destruction"), read by professional actors. The total sample size is about 530 speech units, which are distinguished by a significant variety both in morphosyntactic and lexico-phraseological terms.
The structural analysis of the material showed that both the verb in the personal form and the infinitive can have dependent components, and the latter are words, phrases and predicative units:
1. personal verb + infinitive + (dependent component):
When I got home to Ashby de la Zouch my parents informed me that they had decided to sell up (ST, p. 27).
I meant to do what was best (FLW, p. 428).
2. verb in personal form + dependent component + infinitive + (dependent component):
She warned me to take care (ST. P. 74).
- "I'll tell Anouk to remind you," I told them (Choc. P. 37).
As the analysis showed, the most typical construction is “personal verb + infinitive + (dependent component)” (74.5%), while “personal verb + dependent component + infinitive + (dependent component)” is less common. common (25.5%).
It is known that the speech flow is divided into syntagmas with the help of prosodic means. The phrasing of a particular speech work depends on its content, as well as the intention of the author, that is, due to the need to convey to the listener the meaning of the statement. First of all, the syntactic construction of the syntagma affects the phrasing of the text. As observations of speech material have shown, the factor of the contact or distant location of the infinitive in relation to the verb in the personal form can influence the supra-linear organization of the utterance. And although it is impossible to speak of an unambiguous correspondence between the prosodic design of the syntagma and its structural features, one can still distinguish some patterns:
(1) He Iknew at \once Z where he , wished to ...go|| (FLW. P. 117)
(2) She llooked to .see his reaction|| (FLW. P. 141)
(3) So I preltended to -search the \racks|| (ST. p. 14)
(4) There were \months| \years left in her| and she "wanted to -see A\merica| iNew \York + the iFlorida ...Everglades|| (Choc. P. 45)
(5) My \mother f had in\vited them| to lhave a -cup of \tea|| (ST. P. 72)
(6) And ,then| she turned \fully| to .look at Charles|| (FLW. P. 170)
(7) I isat on the /balcony| to icool Mown|| (ST. P. 150).
(8) It "took longer than -I had "hoped| to ,get to ,Deepcut „ Barracks| due to the imany ciga\rette stops| delmanded by my ..passengers|| (ST. P. 50)
In examples (1), (2), (3) and (4), infinitive constructions have a close syntactic connection, as they are characterized by the global nature of the prosodic expression, as evidenced by the absence of a pause between the verb in the personal form and the infinitive, as well as the emphasis of both in the speech stream through even and uneven tones. In examples (5), (6), (7) and (8), the personal verb and the infinitive are in a distant position, and not only the controlling verb, but also the infinitive have dependent components. This factor affects the phrasing of the speech flow: syntactic links are weakened, as evidenced by the implementation of the pause. The prosodic solidity of the infinitive construction is destroyed, the syntactic connection between its components is weakened, as a result of infinitives with dependent components
nentami gains greater independence, functioning as an independent member of the proposal.
In addition to morphosyntactic factors, the prosodic implementation of verbal infinitive constructions is influenced by lexical and phraseological features, that is, the semantics of the verb in the personal form. The literature on this issue contains information about the lexical characteristics of verbs in the personal form that attach the infinitive. Most control verbs have one of the following meanings: the value of the modal characteristic of the connection of actions with the subject (can/could, may/might, must, shall, should, to be, to have, ought, dare, need); specific characteristics of the action (to begin, to come, to continue, to get, to go, to leave, to move, to return, to run, to set out, to start, to stay, to stop, to turn); appearances of action (to appear, to seem, to take); expected action (to happen, to prove, to think, to turn out); the relationship of the subject to action (to bear, to bother, to care, to dread, to hope, to intend, to like, to long, to want, to wish); reality of action (to arrange, to decide, to manage, to pretend, to refuse); the feasibility of the action (to attempt, to deign, to try); processes of mental activity (to be expected, to be meant, to be supposed); communication processes (to be asked, to be said); provocativeness (to be allowed, to be called, to be empowered, to be forbidden, to be instructed, to be persuaded).
The prosodic globality of the infinitive construction can be destroyed if the verb in the personal form is so semantically saturated that it implements the predicative function in isolation from the infinitive. In such cases, the infinitive only complements the meaning of the verb in the personal form, which is reflected at the supralinear level through the implementation of a pause between the components of the infinitive construction and the use of uneven tones, and the presence or absence of dependent components both in the verb in the personal form and in the infinitive does not matter. Most often, semantically more significant are the verbs denoting the reality of the performance of the action (1), as well as the specific characteristic of the action (2):
(1) I decided| to \talk to her to , day|| (Choc, p. 134)
II pre „tended| Not to \notice| until the "ladies f had left the \shop with their ..parcels|| (Choc, p. 31)
(2) iShe just -went up\stairs| to Ilie ...down|| (Choc, p. 104)
He I smiled - grimly at \Charles| then \stopped| to Itop lup their ...glasses|| (FLW, p. 152)
In our opinion, the results of the experimental prosodic study allow us to say that the colligative and collocation features of infinitive constructions have a significant impact on their functioning in a sentence. The infinitive as part of a construction can act either as part of the predicate, or as an independent member of the sentence, receiving a certain prosodic design. syntactic
the connection between the components of the construction is characterized by sufficient mobility, approaching in its expression in different cases to an attributive or complex connection.
Bibliographic list
1. Dolgova (Aleksandrova), O.V. Syntax as a science of speech construction / O.V. Dolgov. - M., 19S0.
2. Akhmanova, O.S. Dictionary linguistic terms/ O.S. Akhmanov. - 2nd ed., stereotypical. - M., 19b9.
3. Morozova, A.N. Dialectical unity of linear and supralinear series in the dynamics of utterance: dis. ... Dr. Philol. Sciences / A.N. Morozov. - M., 199b.
4. Suchkova, S.A. A substantive phrase with the preposition "of" in the dynamics of an utterance. abstract dis. ... cand. philol. Sciences / S.A. Suchkov. - Samara, 199S.
5. Hornby, A. S. Constructions and revolutions in English/ per. from English. A.S. Ignatieva / A.S. Hornby. - M., 1992.
6. Vovshin, YaM. Transformational Syntax of Verb Constructions in Modern English / JM. Vovshin. - M^ot, 19S3.
7. L. S. Barkhudarov, Structure simple sentence modern English / L.S. Barkhudarov. - M., 19bb.
S. Yagodnikova, O.G. Grammar English verb in tables. Impersonal forms of the verb / O.G. Yagodnikova, L.P. Driga, L. A. Shamray, et al. - Kyiv, 19S9.
9. Ivanova, I.P. Theoretical grammar of modern English: textbook / I.P. Ivanova, V.V. Burlakova, G.G. Pocheptsov. - M., 19S1.
10. Barkhudarov, L.S. Grammar of the English language / L.S. Barkhudarov, D. A. Shteling. - 4th ed., Rev. - M., 1973.
11. Pocheptsov, G.G. Constructive analysis of the sentence structure / G.G. Pochep-tsov. - Kyiv, 1971.
12. Burlakova, V.V. Fundamentals of phrase structure in modern English / V.V. Burlakova. - L., 1975.
13. Ilyish, B.A. The structure of the modern English language / B. A. Ilyish. - L., 1971.
14. Smirnitsky, A.I. The syntax of the English language / A.I. Smirnitsky. - M., 1957.
List of sources of factual material and abbreviations adopted for them
1. Fowles, J. The French Lieutenant's Woman / J. Fowles. - Vintage, 199b. (FLW)
2. Harris, J. Chocolat / J. Harris. - Black Swan, 2000. (Choc)
3. Townsend, S. Adrian Mole and the Weapons of Mass Destruction / S. Townsend. -Penguin Books, 2005. (ST)
154 BecmHUK Ccrnry. 2006. No. 10/2 (50)
SYNTACTICAL FUNCTIONS OF THE INFINITIVE AS PART OF VERBAL INFINITIVE CONSTRUCTIONS
The paper deals with the syntactical functions of the infinitive as part of verbal infinitive constructions in speech, their morphosyntactical and lexico-phraseological peculiarities and prosodic realization.
The syntactic role of the infinitive
Among verb forms infinitive occupies a special place, because can act as any member of the proposal.
Main target of this article is a generalization of information about the syntactic function of the infinitive.
The infinitive as the main members of the sentence
Acting as subject, the infinitive names an action or state as the subject of an utterance.
Options: 1. Both main members are verbs in an indefinite form: Repeat and teach - sharpen the mind. 2. One is a noun in the nominative case, the other is an infinitive: Learning is our task. Playing chess is his main occupation in life.
What may arise difficulties when parsing a sentence?
It is not always obvious which part of the sentence is the verb in the indefinite form . Independent infinitive, coming first in a sentence, intonation separated from the predicate and naming an independent action, the characteristic of which is contained in the predicate, is subject: It was not easy to convince him of anything. Living on earth is a glorious occupation. Loving you is a big challenge.
But the infinitive-subject can also stand after the predicate, if it has an estimated value: The worst thing in our work is to stop growing. His job was to take care of the younger ones and take care of the older ones. It is a waste of time to fish without a hook and learn without a book.
If under one of the principal terms there is link THIS, it is clear that before us is the predicate, and the infinitive is the subject: It is against our law to remember the old. What a blessing it is to respect your parents.
The infinitive-subject, like the infinitive-predicate, can include words dependent on it, if one verb does not convey the meaning of the statement. Often this is found in proverbs, aphorisms: Stealing from a thief is only a waste of time. To teach a fool is to treat the dead. Playing a song is not a field to yell. Doing nothing is hard work. Leading the house - do not shake your beard. Drinking tea is not chopping wood. To talk about what has been decided is only to confuse.
The combination of the infinitive with words on -O:
If the infinitive comes first in the sentence, and then the word for -O follows, we have a two-part sentence with the subject - the infinitive: Running in the morning is useful. Joking with the enemy is dangerous.
Rearranging the infinitive to the second place after the -O word, which is a category of state, turns the sentence into an impersonal one: It is useless to argue with him. It was not easy to get to work that day because of the snowstorm.
The presence in the infinitive of the words of the category of state must, necessary, necessary, impossible, possible, etc. suggests that this is a predicate of impersonal sentences, regardless of the word order: You can get lost here. It was impossible to ask about it.
Independent infinitive can act as a predicate in one-part infinitive sentences (in school textbooks they are considered as a kind of impersonal constructions): Get out of order! Who would you argue with?
Use of the infinitive in a compound verb predicate. It has two parts: auxiliary and main. The first conveys the grammatical meaning of mood, tense, person, number or gender, the second (infinitive) - the main lexical meaning: Athletes began to compete. We want to meet again.
Attention! In the presence of two verbs (conjugated and infinitive), both are part of the verbal predicate, if actions refer to one person- to the subject of action: Ranks are given by people, but people can be deceived. (Griboedov) If actions are performed by different people, then the infinitive is not part of the compound verb predicate, but acts as a secondary member: I would strictly forbid these gentlemen to drive up to the capitals for a shot. (Griboyedov)
Infinitive in the role of secondary members of the sentence
Inconsistent definition.
The infinitive explains nouns with the modal meaning of possibility, necessity, desirability, will, etc.: There was an urgent need to talk. Suddenly, the opportunity arose to leave this city as soon as possible.
Sometimes the infinitive defines abstract nouns with a different meaning: Your way of constantly arguing annoys me. Travelers did not leave the idea to return to the island.
Addition.
If the conjugated verb has a full lexical meaning, and the actions of the verbs refer to different persons: When I was a child, my father taught me to fish. I advise you to read this book.
Purpose circumstance.
If the infinitive refers to verbs of motion: Chichikov went into the room to get dressed and wash. In the evening we went to the embankment to look at the ships.
Slotina Nadezhda Stanislavovna, teacher of Russian language and literature, KGOAU KFML
