The idea of social progress takes root in the Age of Enlightenment. B moving forward; into cyclical development; d state of stability. "The golden age
a) society is part of nature
b) nature is part of society
c) society and nature interconnected form a single real world
d) society, having created a culture ("second nature"), has lost touch with nature
5. What are the wrong statements:
a) human freedom consists in his ability to live outside of society
b) no man - no society
c) each new generation is included in the already established social relations
d) the life of society is not confirmed by changes
e) knowledge, work skills, moral norms are products social development
Who was the creator of the doctrine of the noosphere?
a) V.I. Vernadsky c) Charles Darwin
b) L.N. Gumilev d) O. Comte
Which statement is correct?
a) society is made up of people, therefore, it is enough to study an individual person in order to have an idea of society as a whole
b) society and nature are inextricably linked and obey the general law
c) society has become isolated from nature and does not obey the action of natural laws
8. "Diverse connections that have arisen between social groups, classes, nations, as well as within them in the process of economic, social, political and cultural life and activities - this is ...":
a) national relations
b) public relations
c) industrial relations
9. Complete the definition: "Society is ...":
a) dynamic system
b) a set of people united by the historical forms of their relationship and interaction
c) "collective" of collectives
d) all of the above
10. Match the name of the sphere of public life and its institutions:
1) the spiritual sphere of society
3) the economic sphere of society
4) the political sphere of society
a) power, state, suffrage
b) production of material goods, finance, trade
c) classes, nations, primary collectives
d) theater, religion, science, moral standards, education
What is the name of the sciences that study social life?
a) humanities
c) social sciences
12. The economic sphere of public life includes:
a) all relations between classes, social groups
b) relations in the process of material production
c) relations arising on the issue of state power
13. The activities of state organizations, political parties are related to:
a) the spiritual sphere of public life
b) the social sphere of public life
c) the political sphere of public life
14. Match the names of the social sciences and the spheres of social life that they study:
1) the economic sphere of society
2) the social sphere of society
3) the political sphere of society
4) the spiritual sphere of the life of society
a) sociology
b) political science
c) jurisprudence
d) economics
f) aesthetics
One of the first to substantiate the idea social progress
a) the ancient Greek poet Hesiod (VIII-VII centuries BC)
b) French philosopher A. Turgot (18th century)
c) German scientist K. Marx (XIX century)
16. German philosopher G. Hegel (first half of the 20th century) argued that:
a) social development is a movement forward from imperfect to more perfect
b) social progress is an upward development of the human mind
c) mankind is moving towards an ever greater mastery of nature, the development of production and the development of man himself
17. Complete the definition: "Social progress is ...":
a) the level (stage) of development of society, its culture
b) the state of society as a whole at a certain stage of historical development
c) the direction of social development, in which there is a progressive movement of society from simple and lower forms of social life to more complex and high
18. The idea that society is developing along the path of regression was defended by:
a) ancient Greek philosophers Plato and Aristotle
b) the ancient Greek poet Hesiod
c) French educator J.A. Condorcet
Which of the following can be attributed to the causes of social change?
a) external factors, the influence of the natural environment
b) contradictions arising between various social forces within society
c) the desire of people for a new, more perfect
d) all of the above
The disadvantages of the system-functional approach include the fact that individual factors in politics, personal conflicts, with which political life is full, remain without attention. The individual is considered only as a performer of functions, playing a certain role within the framework of this system. In addition, supporters of this approach are criticized for excessive schematism and formalism in the study of complex political phenomena.
Along with the methods discussed above, many others are used in political science: logical (analysis and synthesis, induction and deduction, experiment, modeling, etc.), comparative, historical, methods of empirical research.
All this variety of approaches and methods in political science with all their advantages and disadvantages testifies to the fact that the knowledge of the essence of political phenomena and processes cannot be one-dimensional and one-line. It is necessary to take into account and use all the wealth of the accumulated methodology so that knowledge can give a practical and purposeful return.
The variety of approaches is enhanced by the peculiarities of political science in different countries. At the same time, especially over the past decades, as a result of the strengthening of communicative ties, computerization, there is a mutual influence and mutual enrichment of the leading directions and methodologies of political science.
If in the first half of the XX century. In the development of political science, the idea of improving the methods and methods of research prevailed, then in the second half the development proceeded along the path of concretizing the subjects of research. The common thing continues to be the strengthening of the pragmatic orientation of political science and the increasing role of its applied branches.
Question 5. Basic approaches to understanding policy
Politics is not as simple as it sounds. Its definition was first given in Ancient Greece, where the word polis denoted the state, and the word politics - state or public affairs, more precisely, the art of government. This understanding of politics is true today, but only in the most general terms.
At the current scientific level, there are several main approaches to understanding politics.
First of all, it is the historically established concept of politics as the management of society; and since the state is most involved in this, then politics with this approach is reduced to state activity.
There is a widespread view of politics as the regulation of relations between different social strata, ethnic groups, state entities... Depending on the ideas about their interests in this version, politics is considered either as a struggle or cooperation between them, then as complex interaction.
The understanding of politics as the struggle of various social groups and individuals for power is widely cultivated. A prominent theorist of political science, the American scientist G. Lasswell (1902-1978) argued that politics is associated with the formation of power. The founder of political psychoanalysis, Lasswell, introduced the concept of "domineering personality". Its inner spring is the desire to overcome feelings of inadequacy through the acquisition of power. The allocation of the category of power as defining follows from the fact that the sphere of politics not only encompasses the state, the political system, but also goes beyond them. This is especially evident in domestic politics, where informal, hidden mechanisms for the realization of public goals are clearly revealed.
There is also a tendency in modern science to reduce politics to the expression of economic or ideological interests. This approach comes from Marxism, from Lenin's statement: "... Politics is the most concentrated expression of economics" (VI Lenin Poln. Sobr. Op. T. 42, p. 216).
There is a definition of politics as a characteristic of a course of action aimed at achieving certain goals in the relations of people with each other.
The variety of approaches to explaining the meaning of politics complicates the expression of its concept, clear formulation. Without pretending to be an exhaustive interpretation, let's say that politics is a sphere of activity between social groups, the purpose of which is to conquer, retain and use state power to satisfy their interests and needs. This definition points to the state as the central element of politics, and the state itself is seen as the main category of the science of politics. This approach originates from Aristotle, who inextricably linked politics with the state. But it also corresponds to modern ideas, because it combines such key elements as activity - state - power.
Question 6. Policy structure
Modern politics has a complex structure. Its most important elements are as follows.
Objects of politics are a constantly changing complex of social problems of such a level, the solution of which requires political intervention, reforms and structural changes.
Subjects of politics are direct participants in political activity: people, their organizations, parties, movements pursuing political goals, solving political problems.
Political power is the ability of certain political forces to exert a decisive influence on society, to develop and implement policies based on the balance of forces and interests, subordinating people to this.
Political processes - the interaction of various political forces, subjects of politics in solving political problems, their impact on the objects of politics.
Political ideas and concepts - theoretical comprehension of the political development of society, reflection of the interests and sentiments of various social groups, development of solutions to political problems.
Listing only the main components of policy shows that as a phenomenon it is enormous. Politics covers almost all spheres of modern life. It is no coincidence that the following concepts are widely used: economic policy, technical policy, military policy, social policy, cultural policy, educational policy, etc. Politics is also diverse in its form. This is management, the exercise of power, and the struggle for power, for influence in society, and activity on political problems, and the art of political relations, and theoretical work to put forward ideas and programs for their implementation.
The breadth and diversity of the political spectrum dictate the need for many sciences that develop certain aspects of politics as social phenomenon... And such a variety of sciences has long existed in reality. Many sciences have their own types in the study of various aspects of politics (methodological, concrete-applied, sociological, historical, normative-legal, etc.). These are history and geography, law and sociology, philosophy and economic theory, psychology and cybernetics, praxeology and logic, etc. Each of them has as its subject the study of a particular form of politics, from the methodological aspect to specific applied issues.
History studies real socio-political processes, different points of view on these processes, and thus allows you to find out and explain the reasons for the current political processes. Political and economic geography deals in detail with conditions (spatial and economic conditionality of political processes, the role environment, the natural foundations of the formation of political activity, etc.), important for the analysis of the political process. Philosophy creates a general picture of the world, finds out the place of a person and his activities in this world, at the same time gives general concepts on the principles and conditions of knowledge, the development of theoretical concepts in general, political in particular. The law outlines the general framework for the activities of all state structures, as well as other organizations, citizens and their associations, that is, the framework for the formation of phenomena that are central to politics. Sociology examines the structure and functioning of both society as a whole and individual groups that make up it, as well as socio-political relations in this society. Praxeology studies the conditions and trends of all types of human activity, including political.
Each of these sciences has its own subject and its own angle of view in the study of politics. And only political science examines politics as a whole. Most domestic and foreign scientists consider political science as a general, integrative science of politics in all its manifestations. She interacts with other sciences of the socio-political cycle, using their scientific developments in the interests of a more complete understanding of politics.
Question 7. Political thought of the Ancient East
Political science has a rich long history in the form of the evolution of political ideas. It was based on ideas and concepts that the best thinkers of the past developed throughout the history of mankind. Political and legal ideology arose together with the state and went through a centuries-old path of development. Comprehension of social problems and moral and political values began in ancient times. Various ideas related to power and rights, the state and the individual, democracy and despotism are found in the writings of the thinkers of Ancient China, the Arab East, the Muslim world, and European civilization. They were tested by historical practice, polished into clear formulas for political documents. There was a constant search for optimal models of social structure, the relationship between the individual, society and the state, and for a long time it was carried out within the framework of philosophical and religious teachings.
In the III-II millennia BC. e. people's thinking was still at the mercy of mythological ideas about the world around them. This was reflected in political thought: it was based on the idea of the divine origin of political orders. True, the relationship between earthly and heavenly rulers was interpreted in different ways.
For the ancient Egyptians, Babylonians, Indians, the gods under any circumstances themselves remained the rulers of earthly affairs, the first legislators and rulers. For example, God was in a special contractual relationship with the Jewish people and was considered their main ruler, legislator and judge. The ancient Chinese had a slightly different idea: for them the emperor was the only conductor of the will of the heavenly forces. The gods endowed him with all the fullness of earthly power, giving him special inner strength and capabilities for its implementation.
Emphasizing the divine nature of power has long been a cross-cutting theme of both mythological and religious worldviews. They illuminated the existing social structure with the indisputable authority of higher powers - the hierarchy of gods or a single god. For example, in Ancient Babylon in the 18th century. BC e. King Hammurabi portrayed his legislation as fulfilling the will of the gods. Therefore, the division into slaves and free, economic, legal inequality of the free themselves had to be perceived as just, given by the will of the gods.
In Ancient Iran around the 8th century. BC e. the religious doctrine of Zoroastrianism was born (Zoroaster, Zarathushtra). This doctrine had a great influence on the ideological and religious concepts of both the East and the West (including the formation of Christianity). The essence of Zoroastrianism is a struggle in the world of two principles: good and evil. Good is personified by the light god - Ormuzd, evil - by the dark god - Ahriman. Light and darkness are fighting with each other, and the meaning of every person's existence is in an active struggle against darkness and evil. Zarathushtra was convinced of the ultimate victory of good, although evil may temporarily triumph. According to Zarathushtra, the state should be the earthly embodiment of the light god Ormuzd. The monarch acts as his servant and must fight against evil in the state, instilling goodness.
V Ancient India the rudiments of the ideology of Brahmanism were already outlined in the Vedas in the II millennium BC. BC), in which the division of society into 4 varnas is substantiated, that is, estates: brahmanas, kshatriyas, vaisyas and sudras. These estates and their different positions are predetermined by dharma, that is, by the world law and duty. The laws of Manu (II millennium BC) substantiated the leading role of the brahmanas and their exclusive right to interpret the dharma. In addition to sophisticated earthly punishments for violation of the dharma by representatives of other classes, the laws of Manu instilled fear of the transmigration of the soul into a lower being.
Against the Brahminist ideology and the varna system, it was directed in the VI century. BC e. teachings of Siddhartha, nicknamed Buddha (the Enlightened One). Dharma for Buddhists acts as a regularity governing the world, a natural law. For rational behavior, the knowledge and application of this law is necessary: the path of legality is at the same time the path of justice and wisdom. The main thing is that, unlike Brahmanism, Buddhism proclaimed an orientation towards an individual path of salvation.
Certain rationalistic interpretations of state and law are observed in Arthashastra (IV-III centuries BC), the author of which is considered to be Kautilya (Chanakya), adviser and minister to King Chandragupta I. In addition to moral and ethical norms, the emphasis was on practical benefits (arthe) and the resulting political events and administrative-power institutions.
The great thinker of Ancient China Confucius (VI-V centuries BC) recognized the divine origin of the emperor's power, but rejected the divine origin of the state. According to his teachings, it arose from the unification of families. That is, the state is a large patriarchal family, where the emperor is a strict but fair father, and his subjects are his obedient children. Relations in the state should be regulated primarily by morality. The welfare of the people is one of the central points of the political part of its doctrine. A wise administrator should know well what people love and hate; he must always strive for good, and then people will follow him. Following these principles means "Tao" (the right path). Confucius himself did not make much progress in trying to put his ideas into practice. However, his doctrine became that starting point, that standard "measuring scale" of political culture, against which the thinkers and reformers of subsequent generations checked their theories.
Within the framework of Taoism, the founder of which is considered Lao Tzu (VI century BC), the correct path (Tao) was considered not as a path in accordance with the requirements of the gods, but as a natural necessity. That is, according to Lao Tzu, the laws of nature are higher than the laws of the gods and carry the highest virtue and natural justice. Thus, he was one of the first to criticize the social and political structure of China. His calls for abstinence and a return to communal life in its patriarchal nature did not receive wide public support.
The founder of Moism Mo-tzu (5th century BC) substantiated the idea of natural equality of people. For this, he interpreted the concept of "will of heaven" in a new way, considering it as universality, that is, an equal attitude towards all people. Hence his sharp criticism of the existing order. Mo Tzu became one of the first founders of the contractual concept of the origin of the state. He argued that the lack of governance and a common understanding of justice determined the state of enmity and chaos in society. To eliminate them, people chose the most virtuous and wise person and called him the son of heaven.
The legists of Ancient China, represented by one of the prominent representatives of this school, Shang-Yang (IV century BC), criticized the views of Confucius for idealism in relation to moral and ethical standards for the ruler, by which he should be guided. Shang-Yang believed that it was possible to govern not with the help of virtues, but with the help of strict laws, which people must obey under pain of punishment and violence. For this, the legists substantiated the principle of collective responsibility on the basis of mutual responsibility (five-yard and ten-yard) and introduced the idea of total denunciation. These ideas played a significant role in the further development of the system of government in Ancient China and neighboring countries, and later, through the Mongol conquest, in Russia.
Thus, the first attempts to comprehend the socio-political structure within the framework of a religious-mythological worldview consisted in considering earthly orders as an inseparable part of cosmic orders that had a Divine origin. Thus, the superiority of order over chaos was affirmed.
Question 8. Political thought of ancient Greece and Rome
In the 1st millennium BC. e. as society developed, there was a leap in spiritual culture and humanity took the first steps towards rational self-consciousness within the framework of philosophy. The true pinnacle of political thought Of the ancient world is considered to be the political philosophy of Ancient Greece. It initially developed as an ideology of free people, therefore, its main value is freedom. Peculiarities geographic location Hellas made it possible for the close coexistence of various forms of government, the variety of interstate relations, cultural styles gave the true richness of political life. In many city-states, citizens actively participated in political life, the power was not religious, the whole Hellas was an arena for the struggle for power not by priests, but by ordinary citizens. That is, the development of political science reflected the objective needs of social life.
One of the first attempts to consider the emergence and formation of man and society as part of a natural natural process, as a result of adaptation and imitation, were the ideas of Democritus (460-370). That is, the policy and laws are artificial formations, but created in the course of the natural evolution of man and society as a part of nature. Hence follows the criterion of justice for society: everything that corresponds to nature (a sense of proportion, mutual assistance, protection, brotherhood, etc.) is fair. Democritus was one of the first to substantiate the idea of a democratic social order based on the principles of equality and justice. At the same time, he cannot be presented as an unconditional supporter of the mandatory participation of all citizens in the management of the policy. He, like many others, allocates for this the best people most capable of managing.
Another direction that substantiates the democratic structure of the state was sophism (5th century BC). For example, Protagoras (481-411) substantiated this by the fact that the gods gave people the same opportunity to be involved in wisdom, virtues and the art of state life. The main task of the polis is to educate citizens such virtues as justice, prudence and piety.
Socrates (469-399) was one of the first to form the basis of all subsequent political science with the idea that those who know should govern. Political knowledge is achieved by the hard work of a person worthy of this truth, moral and politically virtuous.
The political ideas of Plato (427-347) are most fully described in the dialogue "State". Dialogue participants try to simulate the appearance ideal state where true justice would reign. Plato believes that the incentive for the creation of the state is the diversity of human material needs, the inability to satisfy them alone. The guarantee of the stability of the state is the division of labor according to the inclination of the soul. The three principles of the human soul - reasonable, furious and longed for - in the state correspond to three similar principles - deliberative, protective and business. These latter correspond to three estates: rulers, warriors and producers, who should not interfere in each other's affairs. The state should be governed by a special class of philosophers specially trained for this role.
Plato describes 7 types state structure: one - described above - ideal, which was not in reality; two - correct (monarchy and aristocracy) and four imperfect political forms: timocracy, oligarchy, democracy and tyranny. Moreover, he calls democracy the main misfortune of politics, for it is not the power of the masses, which will inevitably lead to the tyranny of the majority. In democracy, in his opinion, moral corruption occurs, prudence is banished, impudence and shamelessness are established. Democracy is short-lived, the crowd very soon yields power to the sole tyrant.
In the political ideal of Plato, personality, society and state are combined in the polis. He believed that true knowledge is not inherent in an ordinary individual, and sought to subordinate it to the state. For this, he introduces a strict hierarchy of estates: philosophers-rulers (upper class); guards and warriors; artisans and peasants ( physical work). The subjects have nothing of their own - no family, no property - everything in common. But the upper classes also have no right to appropriate state goods. “We sculpt the state,” wrote Plato, “not so that only a few people in it were happy, but so that it would be happy as a whole” (see Plato. “The State”). In the political doctrine of Plato, many see the origins of totalitarianism.
Another prominent scientist of ancient Greece was Aristotle (384–322), who analyzed many political concepts. In his opinion, political science deals with the state, the polis. He argued that the state is a natural formation; the development of society proceeds from the family to the community (village), and from it to the state (city-policy). The natural origin of the state is due to the fact that “man is by nature a political being” and carries an instinctive desire for “cohabitation”. However, the priority is given to the state - in its opinion, it is by nature ahead of the family and the individual. The state exists for the sake of better life their citizens. In his book Politics, Aristotle did not distinguish the state from society, emphasizing that "it is necessary that the whole should precede the part." The state should be the embodiment of justice and law, an expression of the common interest of citizens.
There are also totalitarian tendencies in the teachings of Aristotle: a person is a part of the state, his interests are subordinated to the public good. He called citizens free people, but he understood freedom only as the opposite of slavery: citizens are not slaves, no one owns them; they are engaged in military, legislative, judicial affairs, and agriculture and industrial production are the lot of slaves.
Comparing the forms of government, Aristotle divides them on two grounds: the number of rulers and the goal, that is, the moral significance of government. The result was three "correct" (monarchy, aristocracy, polity) and three "wrong" (tyranny, oligarchy and democracy). He considered the best form of politics, which should unite three elements: virtue, wealth, freedom - and thus combine the interests of the rich and the poor.
A certain contribution to the interpretation of the state was made by the famous Roman orator and thinker Mark Cicero (106 -43 BC). For him, the state appears as an agreed legal communication, he considered it the embodiment of justice and law. Plato and Aristotle considered natural law and the state to be inseparable. Cicero said that natural law arose before any written law, before the creation of the state. In this regard, Cicero stood at the origins of the understanding of the idea of a "rule of law". The most reasonable, he considered a mixed form of state, which would combine the royal power, aristocracy and democracy.
Thus, the main problems of the political philosophy of antiquity were the forms of statehood, the nature of power, the position of the individual in the state.
Question 9. Political thought of the Middle Ages
The content of political doctrines predetermines the periodization of their history, since the problem of identifying the stages in the development of political thought is predominantly of a general theoretical nature. In this sense, the most expedient is the construction of periodization, which coincides with the civilizational division of the entire history of mankind: the Ancient World, the Middle Ages, the New Time, Newest time... Accordingly, the content of this chapter is structured with one deviation from the scheme. It is familiarity with religious ideas about politics.
As already noted, the very first attempts in the history of mankind to understand socio-political problems have come down to us in religious myths and legends. The myth of Noah, which is more than five thousand years old, tells about the solution of a number of social problems. Many issues of power, property, human relationships are reflected in the myths of Ancient Greece and Rome. Systems approach to the consideration of many issues of statehood, law, public behavior contained in the documents of world religions: Buddhism, Christianity, Islam. Religions sanctified the existing social structure with the indisputable authority of higher powers - the hierarchy of gods or a single god.
Against the Brahminist ideology and the varna system, it was directed in the VI century. BC e. teachings of Siddhartha, nicknamed Buddha (the Enlightened One). Dharma for Buddhists acts as a regularity governing the world, a natural law. For rational behavior, the knowledge and application of this law is necessary: the path of legality is at the same time the path of justice and wisdom. The main thing is that, unlike Brahmanism, Buddhism proclaimed an orientation towards an individual path of salvation.
Certain rationalistic interpretations of state and law are observed in "Arthashastra" (IV-III centuries BC), the author of which is considered to be Kautilya (Chanakya), adviser and minister to King Chandragupta I. In addition to moral and ethical norms, the emphasis was on practical benefits (arthe) and the resulting political events and administrative-power institutions.
The great thinker of Ancient China Confucius (VI-V centuries BC) recognized the divine origin of the emperor's power, but rejected the divine origin of the state. According to his teachings, it arose from the unification of families. That is, the state is a large patriarchal family, where the emperor is a strict but fair father, and his subjects are his obedient children. Relations in the state should be regulated primarily by morality. The welfare of the people is one of the central points of the political part of its doctrine. A wise administrator should know well what people love and hate; he must always strive for good, and then people will follow him. Following these principles means "Tao" (the right path). Confucius himself did not make much progress in trying to put his ideas into practice. However, his doctrine became that starting point, that standard "measuring scale" of political culture, against which the thinkers and reformers of subsequent generations checked their theories.
Within the framework of Taoism, the founder of which is considered Lao Tzu (VI century BC), the correct path (Tao) was considered not as a path in accordance with the requirements of the gods, but as a natural necessity. That is, according to Lao Tzu, the laws of nature are higher than the laws of the gods and carry the highest virtue and natural justice. Thus, he was one of the first to criticize the social and political structure of China. His calls for abstinence and a return to communal life in its patriarchal nature did not receive wide public support.
The founder of Moism Mo-tzu (5th century BC) substantiated the idea of natural equality of people. For this, he interpreted the concept of "will of heaven" in a new way, considering it as universality, that is, equal treatment of all people. Hence his sharp criticism of the existing order. Mo Tzu became one of the first founders of the contractual concept of the origin of the state. He argued that the lack of governance and a common understanding of justice determined the state of enmity and chaos in society. To eliminate them, people chose the most virtuous and wise person and called him the son of heaven.
The legists of Ancient China, represented by one of the prominent representatives of this school, Shang-Yang (IV century BC), criticized the views of Confucius for idealism in relation to moral and ethical standards for the ruler, by which he should be guided. Shang-Yang believed that it was possible to govern not with the help of virtues, but with the help of strict laws, which people must obey under pain of punishment and violence. For this, the legists substantiated the principle of collective responsibility on the basis of mutual responsibility (five-yard and ten-yard) and introduced the idea of total denunciation. These ideas played a significant role in the further development of the system of government in Ancient China and neighboring countries, and later, through the Mongol conquest, in Russia.
Thus, the first attempts to comprehend the socio-political structure within the framework of a religious-mythological worldview consisted in considering earthly orders as an inseparable part of cosmic orders that had a Divine origin. Thus, the superiority of order over chaos was affirmed.
Question 8. Political thought of ancient Greece and Rome
In the 1st millennium BC. e. as society developed, there was a leap in spiritual culture and humanity took the first steps towards rational self-consciousness within the framework of philosophy. The true peak of the political thought of the Ancient World is rightfully considered the political philosophy of Ancient Greece. It initially developed as an ideology of free people, therefore, its main value is freedom. The peculiarities of the geographical position of Hellas made it possible for the close coexistence of various forms of government, the variety of interstate relations, cultural styles gave a true richness of political life. In many city-states, citizens actively participated in political life, the power was not religious, the whole Hellas was an arena for the struggle for power not by priests, but by ordinary citizens. That is, the development of political science reflected the objective needs of social life.
One of the first attempts to consider the emergence and formation of man and society as part of a natural natural process, as a result of adaptation and imitation, were the ideas of Democritus (460-370). That is, the policy and laws are artificial formations, but created in the course of the natural evolution of man and society as a part of nature. Hence follows the criterion of justice for society: everything that corresponds to nature (a sense of proportion, mutual assistance, protection, brotherhood, etc.) is fair. Democritus was one of the first to substantiate the idea of a democratic social order based on the principles of equality and justice. At the same time, he cannot be presented as an unconditional supporter of the mandatory participation of all citizens in the management of the policy. He, like many others, selects the best people for this, the most capable of managing.
Another direction that substantiates the democratic structure of the state was sophism (5th century BC). For example, Protagoras (481-411) substantiated this by the fact that the gods gave people the same opportunity to be involved in wisdom, virtues and the art of state life. The main task of the polis is to educate citizens such virtues as justice, prudence and piety.
Socrates (469-399) was one of the first to form the basis of all subsequent political science with the idea that those who know should govern. Political knowledge is achieved by the hard work of a person worthy of this truth, moral and politically virtuous.
The political ideas of Plato (427–347) are most fully described in the dialogue "State". The participants in the dialogue are trying to simulate the appearance of an ideal state where true justice would reign. Plato believes that the incentive for the creation of the state is the diversity of human material needs, the inability to satisfy them alone. The guarantee of the stability of the state is the division of labor according to the inclination of the soul. The three principles of the human soul - reasonable, furious and longed for - in the state correspond to three similar principles - deliberative, protective and business. These latter correspond to three estates: rulers, warriors and producers, who should not interfere in each other's affairs. The state should be governed by a special class of philosophers specially trained for this role.
Plato describes 7 types of government: one - described above - ideal, which was not in reality; two - correct (monarchy and aristocracy) and four imperfect political forms: timocracy, oligarchy, democracy and tyranny. Moreover, he calls democracy the main misfortune of politics, for it is not the power of the masses, which will inevitably lead to the tyranny of the majority. In democracy, in his opinion, moral corruption occurs, prudence is banished, impudence and shamelessness are established. Democracy is short-lived, the crowd very soon yields power to the sole tyrant.
In the political ideal of Plato, personality, society and state are combined in the polis. He believed that true knowledge is not inherent in an ordinary individual, and sought to subordinate it to the state. For this, he introduces a strict hierarchy of estates: philosophers-rulers (upper class); guards and warriors; artisans and peasants (manual labor). The subjects have nothing of their own - no family, no property - everything in common. But the upper classes also have no right to appropriate state goods. “We sculpt the state, - wrote Plato, - not so that only a few people in it were happy, but so that it would be happy in general” (see Plato. “The State”). In the political doctrine of Plato, many see the origins of totalitarianism.
Another prominent scientist of ancient Greece was Aristotle (384–322), who analyzed many political concepts. In his opinion, political science deals with the state, the polis. He argued that the state is a natural formation; the development of society proceeds from the family to the community (village), and from it to the state (city-policy). The natural origin of the state is due to the fact that "man is by nature a political being" and carries an instinctive desire for "cohabitation." However, the priority is given to the state - in its opinion, it is by nature ahead of the family and the individual. The state exists for the sake of a better life for its citizens. In his book Politics, Aristotle did not distinguish the state from society, emphasizing that "it is necessary that the whole should precede the part." The state should be the embodiment of justice and law, an expression of the common interest of citizens.
There are also totalitarian tendencies in the teachings of Aristotle: a person is a part of the state, his interests are subordinated to the public good. He called citizens free people, but he understood freedom only as the opposite of slavery: citizens are not slaves, no one owns them; they are engaged in military, legislative, judicial affairs, and agriculture and industrial production are the lot of slaves.
"Social progress" - Progress. Social progress. Is social progress possible? Progress. Information flow. Different nations develop at different rates. Social progress and development of society. A number of patterns. Level of evolution. Time. What is society. Uniform development.
"Development of society" - Numerous wars. Primitive communal system. Regressive role. Wars played a progressive role. Developed industrial society. Revolution. Citizens. Primitive system. The practical part. Reform. Computerization of schools. The law of acceleration of society. Social progress. Public phenomenon. The law of the development of society.
Sociological Research - Social System. Social contract theory. Works of the Antiquity period. Aristotle's theory. Sociology as a science. Social organizations. Person. Types of sociological research. "State" of Plato. Sociology. Continuous examination. Content analysis. The functions of sociology. Telephone and postal survey.
"Society and public relations" - Society and nature. Functions of society. Society. Society and public relations. What is society? Public relations Spheres of public life Society is a dynamic system Society and nature. Spheres of public life. Society is a dynamic system.
"Social progress" - The process of inconsistency. Examples from Russian history. Humanity. The variety of ways and forms of social development. Progress. Georg Hegel. Progress and regression. Social development. Sociological theories. Two approaches to solving the issue of the direction of human history. Karl Popper. People's vision of the future.
"Discipline Sociology" - Methods of sociological research. Sociology textbook. Sociology cannot exist without obtaining empirical information. The system of sociological education in Russia. Experiment. Sociological phenomena. Sociological research. Theoretical section. Respondent. Study of documents. Scientific knowledge system.
Set 1
OPTION # 1
1. Complete the definition: "Society is ...":
a... a certain group of people united for joint activities
b... a certain stage in the historical development of mankind
v... humanity as a whole
G. all definitions are correct
2. Which of the judgments more accurately reflects the relationship between nature and society?
a. society is part of nature
b. nature is part of society
v. society and nature interconnected, a single real world
G. society, having created a culture, has lost touch with nature
3. Name wrong statements:
a.
b.no man - no society
v.
G.
d
4. Who was the creator of the doctrine of the noosphere?
a. I. Vernadsky
b. Charles Darwin
v... L. N. Gumilev
G. O. Comte
5. Select the correct definition. Translated from Greek the word "economy" is:
a. organization of the economy on a territorial basis;
b. the art of housekeeping;
v. rational distribution of material wealth.
d. economic activity.
6. Which statement is correct?
a. society is made up of people, therefore, it is enough to study an individual person in order to have an idea of society as a whole
b. society and nature are inextricably linked and obey common laws
v. society has become isolated from nature and does not obey the action of natural
7. Match the name of the sphere of public life and its institutions:
a. the spiritual sphere of society
b. social sphere of society
in the economic sphere of society
d. the political sphere of society
1) power, state, electoral law
2) production of material goods, finance, trade
3) classes, nations, primary collectives
4) theater, religion, science, moral standards, education
8. The activities of state organizations, political parties are related to:
a. the spiritual sphere of public life
b. social sphere of public life
v. political sphere of public life
G... economic sphere of public life
9. Complete the definition: "Social progress is ...";
a.
b
v.
G. backward movement
10. What signs characterize the phenomenon of elite culture?
a.
b.
v.
G
11. What problems of our time are called global?
a. problems facing all of humanity, requiring the collective efforts of peoples to resolve them
b. problems of economic interaction between different countries
v. problems of liquidation of the consequences of the Chernobyl explosion
G. ecological problem
12.Mass culture is:
a. a type of cultural product that is produced in large quantities every day
b. a culture of everyday life represented by the widest possible audience through various channels, including media and communication
v. focused on individuals
G. correct definitions a, b
13. What is the process of humanitarization of education manifested in?
a. in increasing humanitarian knowledge and disciplines in training
b.
v.
14. What provisions characterize the features of modern science?
a. science is a priority area in the activities of developed countries in the context of modern scientific and technological revolution
b... State investments in science are decreasing
v... scientific information develops, science moves from the sphere of purely spiritual life to the sphere of material production
G. refusal to ideologize education
15. The production of cultural: values in a modern industrial society designed for mass consumption is:
a. elite culture
b. material culture
v. Mass culture
G. spiritual culture
16. The original meaning of the word "culture" is:
a.
b. land cultivation methods
v
G. creation of goods by man
14. The book "The Decline of Europe" wrote:
a. N. Ya.Danilevsky
b.O. Spengler
v. P. Sorokin
G... M. Weber
17. Match the spheres of public life and the characteristics of traditional societies that characterize them:
a. economic sphere
b.social sphere
v. political sphere
G. spiritual realm
1) figurative thinking, contemplative
2) estate-caste, hierarchical structure of society
3) domination of the state form of ownership
4) the state interferes in all areas of society
18. Choose the correct definition. The structure of the political system includes:
a.
b.
v.
19. Choose the correct answer. The system of generalized views on the surrounding reality is ...
a... philosophy;
b... worldview;
v. the science.
G. education
twenty . Choose the correct answer. The current Constitution of the Russian Federation was adopted in:
a. 1991 year
b. 1992 year
v. 1993 year
G. 1990 year
a. experience and practice
b. expert opinion
v.
G.conformity to the laws of logic
Kit 1.
Test in the discipline "SOCIETY"
OPTION # 2
Test tasks
1. Choose the correct answer. Spiritual culture does not include:
a. science;
b. art;
v. technique.
G. inventions
2. Choose the correct answer. Match the spheres of public life and the characteristics of traditional societies that characterize them:
a
b.social sphere 2) domination of private property
v
structure
G
3. Choose the correct answers. What provisions characterize the features of modern science?
a.
b. state investments in science are reduced;
v. scientific information develops, science moves from the sphere of purely spiritual life to the sphere of material production.
4. What is the name of the complex of common human problems, on the solution of which the survival of mankind, the fate of civilization depends?
a.
b... scientific and technological revolution
v.
G. health protection
5. The global problems of our time include:
a. preventing the threat of an environmental crisis
b. prevention of negative consequences of scientific and technological revolution
v. providing humanity with the necessary resources
G. all of the above
6. The critic refers the films of this Russian director to the phenomenon of elite culture:
a. N. Mikhalkov
b. E. Ryazanov
v. A. Tarkovsky
7. The main functions of culture are:
a... regulatory function (regulation of human behavior, patterns of behavior and values)
b. educational and upbringing function (the level of culture of the individual is determined by the introduction to the cultural heritage)
v... integrative function (culture unites people, ensures the integrity of society)
G... all of the above
8. Which statements are incorrect?
a. all elements of material and spiritual culture are inextricably linked
b... culture represents the measure of the human in a person
v. each generation selects cultural traditions and values, accumulates and preserves them
G. each generation creates its own samples of culture, without relying on the experience of previous generations
9 .Cooperation is called:
a.
b.
v. cooperation for the solution of a common problem
G.
10. The process by which an individual assimilates symbols, values, norms in society is called:
a. adaptation
B b.socialization
B) with v.self improvement
G) G.integration
11. Establish a correspondence between the types of society and the key social values that characterize them:
a... traditional society 1) money and capital
B b. industrial society 2) power and tradition
V) in in
12. The main manifestations of the environmental crisis include:
a. gradual depletion of natural resources
b. pollution of the atmosphere, soil and the World Ocean.
v. growth of diseases
G. extinction of many plant species
13. Choose the correct statement:
a. society is a part of the world isolated from nature
b. society is inextricably linked with nature
v. there is no nature, there is no society.
14. Social institutions include:
a. political institutions
b.spiritual institutions
v. family and marriage institutions
G. economic institutions
etc. religious institutions
15. What relates to material culture:
a. knowledge
b.building
v.language
G... symbols
etc. Houseware
e. equipment
16. Which scientist first used the term "individual":
a. Cicero
b. Plato
v. Socrates
G.Aristotle
1 kit
Option 1
7a-4, b-3, c-2, d-1
17a-3, b-2, c-4, d-1
Option 2
2-1-b, 2-c, 3-d, 4-a
11-a-2, b-1, c-3
Set 2
Test in the discipline "SOCIETY"
OPTION # 1
Test tasks
1. Choose the correct answer. What are the names of the sciences that study social life?
a... humanitarian sciences;
b.natural Sciences;
v. social Sciences
G Technical science.
2. Choose the correct answer. He was one of the first to substantiate the idea of social progress:
a the ancient Greek poet Hesiod (VIII-VII centuries BC);
b. French philosopher A. Turgot (XVIII century);
v. German scientist K. Marx (XIX century).
G. French scientist O. Comte
3. Choose the correct answer. Ancient Greek philosophers Plato and Aristotle viewed history as:
a. cyclical circulation;
b. progress;
v... spiral movement.
G... backward movement
4. The fall in the purchasing power of money is called:
a.inflation
b. deflation
v. emission
G. by default
5 He defended the idea of the sovereignty of the people or the principle of democracy by the people in his work:
a. Machiavelli
b Hobbes
v. Locke
G. Russo.
6. Choose the correct answers. Which of the following not applicable to the main features of the nation?
a. general citizenship;
b. nationality;
v.
G. a responsibility
7. The main question that the economy decides:
a. what to produce?
b. how to produce?
v. for whom to produce?
G. all of the above
8. Choose the correct answer. The owners of the joint stock company are:
a. holders of shares;
b. company employees;
v.director of the firm.
G. entrepreneurs
9. Select the correct definition. Social communities are ...
a. relations between people in society;
b. the totality of social classes;
v. real-life aggregates of people, united by common features.
G. a set of groups.
10. Choose the correct answers. The level of national self-awareness, in particular, is evidenced by:
a. the ability not only to speak, but also to write in the national language;
b. knowledge of the history of their people;
v. a sense of national dignity.
G. nationality
11. Select the correct definition. The mentality is:
a. a set of attitudes and predispositions of an individual or social group to act, think, feel and perceive the world in a certain way;
b. unequal social status of people;
v. recognition by society or its for the most part power, rights, and powers of any person, body, organization.
G. a sense of pride
12. Choose the correct answer. What is the name of the position that a person occupies in the primary social group, depending on his human qualities:
a. personal status;
b. social status;
v. social prestige.
G. social mobility
13. Choose the correct answer. Lumpenized layers are:
a. artisans;
b. declassed layers;
v. skilled workers.
G... higher strata
14. Choose the correct answer. The Constitution of the Russian Federation contains ... articles.
15. Choose the correct answer. Recognition by society or its greater part of the existing power characterizes it:
a. legality;
b. legitimacy;
v. etatism.
G. sovereignty
16. Choose the correct definition. The legal status of a person is ...
a. her political status;
b... its political role;
v... her personal status.
G. her party affiliation
17. A historically emerging type of sustainable social association of people, represented by a tribe, nationality, nation, is:
a. ethnos
b. community
v. Class
G. community
18. Choose the correct answer. The social basis for the formation of the rule of law is:
a. becoming civil society;
b. adoption of a constitution;
v. holding a referendum on human rights.
G. development of various forms of ownership
19. Choose the correct answer. The earliest world religion is:
a.Christianity;
b.Islam;
v.Buddhism.
G. Shintoism
20. Choose the correct answer. What is the rule of law?
a.
b.
v.
G. the state in which the institution of presidential power operates
21. Choose the correct definition. The structure of the political system includes:
a. political relations and political organizations;
b. political relations, political organizations and political norms;
v. political relations, political organizations, political norms, political ideas, attitudes and political culture
22. Match the names of parties and social and political movements with the names of their leaders:
a V.V. Zhirinovsky 1) The Communist Party of the Russian
b. G.A. Zyuganov Federation (KPRF)
v.G.A. Yavlinsky 2) Liberal Democratic Party
3) "Apple"
23. Choose the correct answer. The system of generalized views on the surrounding reality is ...
a.philosophy;
b... worldview;
v. the science.
G. education
24. Choose the correct answers. Which of the following is the content of religious psychology?
a... theology (theology);
b... religious feelings;
v... religious sentiments.
G. consciousness
25.The science of general and specific social laws of organization, functioning and development of society is:
a. story
b. sociology
v. political science
G. philosophy
Kit 2.
Test in the discipline "SOCIETY"
OPTION # 2
Test tasks
1. Choose the correct answer. What concept does the definition refer to "A part of the material world that is isolated from nature, closely related to it, which includes the ways of interaction between people and the forms of their unification"?
a... culture;
b. society;
v. civilization;
G. the science
2. Choose the correct answer. Who was the creator of the doctrine of the noosphere?
a. L.N. Gumilyov;
b. IN AND. Vernadsky;
v. Charles Darwin.
G. K. Marx
3. Choose the correct answer. Social progress is ...:
a... the level of development of society;
b. the state of society as a whole at a certain stage of historical development;
v.direction of social development, in which there is a progressive movement of society from simple forms of social life to more complex and high.
4. Choose the correct answer. The idea of the world and a person's place in it is called:
a. worldview;
b... ideology;
v philosophy.
G. the science
5. The state influences the economy through:
a. government orders
b collection of taxes
v.regulation of money circulation
G. all of the above
6. Choose the correct answer. The main goal of a market economy is:
a. in meeting the needs of people
b. in protecting the environment
v. in strengthening the state
G. in demand management
7. Choose the correct answer. What problems of our time are called global?
a... problems of liquidation of the consequences of the Chernobyl explosion;
b. problems facing all of humanity, requiring collective efforts of peoples to resolve them;
v... problems of economic interaction between different countries.
G. health problems
8. Choose the correct definition.
a.
b.
v.
G. country income
9. Choose the correct answers. World religions are:
a. Hinduism;
b. Buddhism;
v. Christianity.
G. Islam
10. Choose the correct answer. What is the process of humanitarization of education?
a. in increasing humanitarian knowledge and disciplines in training
b. turning towards universal values in learning
v. in rejection of the ideologization of education
G... in deep study of history
11. Choose the correct answer. The means of introducing a person to the way of life and culture of society is:
a. the science;
b. education;
v. worldview.
G. philosophy
12. Choose the correct answer. The president Russian Federation elected:
a. for six years
b. for five years
v. for seven years
G. for four years
a. 1991 year
b. 1992 year
v. 1993 year
G. 1990 year
14. Choose the correct answer. The ability and ability to have a certain impact on the activities and behavior of people:
a. politics;
b. dictatorship;
v... power.
G. mode
15. Choose the correct definition. To the elements of society not applicable:
a. the university
b... fertile land
v. nation
G. social strata
16. Choose the correct answer. The participation of an individual in politics can manifest itself in the role:
a. family man ;
b. the buyer;
v. participant of the picketing.
G. educator
17. Choose the correct answer.
Legislative power in the Russian Federation is exercised by:
a. The Federal Assembly;
b. The Government of the Russian Federation;
v. The President of the Russian Federation .
G. The Supreme Court RF
18. Choose the correct answer. Spiritual culture does not include:
a. science;
b. art;
v. technique.
G. education
19. Choose the correct answer. Match the spheres of public life and the characteristics of traditional societies that characterize them:
a.economic sphere 1) imaginative thinking, contemplative
b. social sphere 2) domination of private property
v. political sphere 3) caste-caste, hierarchical
structure
G.spiritual sphere 4) rule of law
20. Choose the correct answer. Human Rights Day is celebrated around the world:
21. Bring the concept and its definition into conformity:
a. welfare state 1) state on the territory
which is home to various
ethnic groups (nations, nationalities)
b. multinational
state 2) state, political
whose regime relies on
strict adherence to legal regulations
v legal state 3) a state conducting an active
social policy
22. Choose the correct answers. What provisions characterize the features of modern science?
a. Science is a priority area in the activities of developed countries in the context of modern scientific and technological revolution;
b. the state's investments in science are reduced;
v. scientific information develops, science moves from the sphere of purely spiritual life to the sphere of material production.
Answers
2 set
Option 1
6-c, d
10-b, c
11a
12a
13b
14a
15b
16a
17a
18a
19c
20b
21c
22-a-2, b-1, c-3
23b
24-b, c
25b9-b, c, d
10a
11b
Option 212b
13c
14c
15b
16c
17a
18c
19-1-b, 2-c, 3-d, 4-a
20c
21-a-3, b-1, c-2
22-a, c
Set 3
Test in the discipline "SOCIETY"
OPTION # 1
Test tasks
1. What motivates people to take action?
a. need
b. motive
v. purpose
G. result
2. Match the spheres of public life and the characteristics of an industrial society that characterize them:
a... economic sphere
b.political sphere
v. social sphere
G.spiritual sphere
1) consolidation of the principle of equality of citizens before the law, the formation of the rule of law and civil society
2) destruction of class boundaries, openness and mobility of social structures
3) rationalization of spiritual life, recognition of the autonomy of the individual from the state as the most important value
4) the rapid development of industry, the domination of private property and market relations.
3. The essence of a person forms the unity of its two sides:
a. class
b. biological
v. social
G. economic
4. The basis of human existence is:
a. consumption
b. activity
v. love
G. friendship
5. Knowledge is:
a. form of leisure
b. reflection of reality in the mind of a person
v. comprehension of ourselves by the forces of nature
G.the way of human existence
6. The activity consists of:
a. action
b. intentions
v. deeds
G. goals
7. The criteria of truth are:
a. experience and practice
b. expert opinion
v. conformity to the dominant teaching in society
G.conformity to the laws of logic
8. Return to old, obsolete forms, stagnation and degradation are:
a."Bad" progress
b. inconsistent progress
v. regression
G. progress
9 .Originally, the term "culture" was used to mean:
a. veneration
b. top quality
v... cultivation
G. activity
10. Name wrong statements:
a. freedom of a person consists in his ability to live outside of society
b.no man - no society
v. each new generation is included in the already established social relations
G. life of society is not subject to change
d... knowledge, work skills, moral norms are products of social development
11. What signs characterize the phenomenon of elite culture?
a. each elite creates its own cultural values and ideals
b. the rise of art over politics, science, morality
v. dissemination of spiritual values among a large number of people, entertainment and democracy
G... works created within the framework of this culture are designed for a narrow circle of people who are finely versed in art
12. The foundations of the economic doctrine of A. Smith are:
a. freedom of competition
b... the need for economic and political freedom
v. active state intervention in the economy
G development of monopolies
13. The political regime is:
b. the atmosphere of secrecy and secrecy that surrounds the work of the government
v. methods and ways of exercising state power.
G. work schedule of state institutions
14.Production of cultural: values in a modern industrial society designed for mass consumption are:
a. elite culture
b. material culture
v. Mass culture
G. spiritual culture
15. What is the name of the complex of common human problems, on the solution of which the survival of mankind, the fate of civilization depends?
a. preventing the threat of a new world war
b. scientific and technological revolution
v. global problems of our time
G... health protection
16 .Establish a correspondence between the types of society and the key social values that characterize them:
a. traditional society 1) money and capital
B b... industrial society 2) power and tradition
V v... information society 3) information and knowledge
17. The process by which an individual assimilates symbols, values, norms in society is called:
a. adaptation
B b.socialization
C) with V. self-improvement
by integration
18. Conscience can be defined as:
a. values and ideals of society
v. the ability of a person to distinguish between good and evil
G. awareness of the individual of his rights and freedoms
19. Ethnicity is:
a. any social group
b.national minority
v. a set of people living in a certain territory, having common features of culture and psyche, consciousness of unity
G. community of people
20. In which country are the processes social mobility were most difficult:
a... in ancient egypt
b... in ancient India
v... v Ancient China
G... in ancient Rome
Set 3
Test in the discipline "SOCIETY"
OPTION # 2
Test tasks
1. Choose the correct answer. Match the spheres of public life and the characteristics of traditional societies that characterize them:
a.economic sphere 1) imaginative thinking, contemplative
b. social sphere 2) domination of private property
v.political sphere 3) caste-caste, hierarchical
structure
G.spiritual sphere 4) rule of law
2 He defended the idea of the sovereignty of the people or the principle of democracy by the people in his work:
a. Machiavelli
b Hobbes
v. Locke
G. Russo.
3. Choose the correct answers. Which of the following does not apply to the basic characteristics of a nation?
a. general citizenship;
b. nationality;
v. general rights and obligations in relation to each other.
4. Choose the correct answer. The process and result of assimilation of systematized knowledge and skills is:
a. upbringing
b. education
v. education
G. the culture
5. Choose the correct answers. Which of the following is the content of religious psychology?
a... theology (theology);
b... religious feelings;
v... religious sentiments.
G. consciousness
6. Choose the correct answer. The system of generalized views on the surrounding reality is ...
a.philosophy;
b... worldview;
v. the science.
G. education
7. Match the names of parties and social and political movements with the names of their leaders:
a. V.V. Zhirinovsky 1) The Communist Party of the Russian
b. G.A. Zyuganov Federation (KPRF)
v. G.A. Yavlinsky 2) Liberal Democratic Party
3) "Apple"
8. Choose the correct answer. What is the rule of law?
a. the state in which the constitution exists and actually operates;
b. the state, the main principle of which is the rule of law (law);
v. a state with a republican form of government.
9. Select the correct definition. The legal status of a person is ...
a. her political status;
b... its political role;
v... her personal status.
G. her party affiliation
10. Who was the creator of the doctrine of the noosphere?
a. L.N. Gumilyov;
b. IN AND. Vernadsky;
v. Charles Darwin.
G. K. Marx
11. Choose the correct answer. What is the main feature of a market economy?
a... high quality products;
b... freedom of enterprise and trade;
v. no shortage of goods.
G... mass production
12. Choose the correct definition.
The state budget is ...
a. the amount of material goods produced over a certain period;
b. summary indicator economic development country;
v. the main financial plan of the country.
G. country income
13. Choose the correct answer. The current Constitution of the Russian Federation was adopted in:
a. 1991 year
b. 1992 year
v. 1993 year
G. 1990 year
14.The main factors of human origin include
a... natural selection and the struggle for existence
b. work
v... religion
G. thinking
e. the custom of burying the dead
15. The social structure of society is ...
a. the structure of society as a whole;
b.the set of interrelated and interacting with each other classes, social strata and groups;
v. social ties, social institutions that provide social ties
G. all of the above is true.
16. Cooperation is called:
a. individual or group wrestling
b. collection of one-way and repetitive actions
v.cooperation for the solution of a common problem
G. the process of temporary residence, as a result of which the general culture of the group is formed
17. The central concept of the theory of social stratification - the concept of "stratum" - means:
a. stratification of society;
b. a large group of people, differing in their position in social structure;
v. the process of differentiation of society.
G. movement of people
18. The production of cultural: values in a modern industrial society, designed for mass consumption, is:
a. elite culture
b. material culture
v. Mass culture
G. spiritual culture
19. The original meaning of the word "culture" is:
a. creation of artificial materials
b. land cultivation methods
v... rules of conduct in society
G. creation of goods by man
20. Complete the definition: "Social progress is ...";
a. level (stage) of development of society, its culture
b... the state of society as a whole at a certain stage of historical development
v. direction of social development, in which there is a progressive movement of society from simple and lower forms of social life to more complex and higher
G. backward movement
21. The criteria for truth are:
a. experience and practice
b. expert opinion
v. conformity to the dominant teaching in society
G.conformity to the laws of logic
Answers
3 set
Option 1
2-a-4, b-1, c-2, d-3
3-b, c
10-d, a
11-a, b, d
12-a, b
13c
14c
15c
16-a-2, b-1, c-3
17b
18b
19c
20b
Option 2
1-a-2, b-3, c-4, d-1
3-a, c
5-b, c
7-a-2, b-1, c-3
10b
11b
12c
13c
14-a, b, d
15b
16c
17b
18c
19b
20c
