Tests. Methodology for studying national history
1. What is the name of the most complete of the sources covering the history of Ancient Russia? a) Novgorod First Chronicle; * b) "The Tale of Bygone Years"; c) Ostromir Gospel. *The most complete source for studying the history of Ancient Russia is The Tale of Bygone Years. It is a chronicle compiled in Kyiv at the beginning of the 12th century. monk of the Kiev-Pechersk monastery Nestor and later supplemented by hegumen Sylvester. This document was, in fact, the first historical work in Russia in which the history of the Old Russian state is shown against a wide background of events. world history. 2. Which of the following principles is applied in the study of Patriotic history? a) the principle of large numbers; *b) the principle of alternativeness; c) the principle of balance. *One of the main principles of the study of Russian history is the principle of alternativeness. It's not just opposing one option to another, which often happens in discussions. Nor can a speculative proposal based on facts be an alternative. An alternative is to determine the degree of probability based on an analysis of the available objective, real possibilities. The use of this principle makes it possible to see the polyvariance of the historical process, to trace possible, but not taken place, ways of development. 3. What is the science that helps to better understand history? a) architectonics; *b) archaeography; c) biogeography * Archeography is an auxiliary historical discipline that studies the issues of publishing written historical sources. The principles and methods of publication, the organization of publishing work, the history of the publication of documents are the main problems developed by archaeography. The task of archaeographers also includes work on the publication of sources.
- What linguistic community do the Slavs belong to?
1. What are the objective prerequisites for the formation of the Old Russian state? a) calling by the Ilmenian Slavs of the Varangians to Russia; *b) the emergence of private property among the Eastern Slavs and the beginning of stratification social society . * The formation of the Old Russian state is an objective process generated by the emergence of private property and the stratification of society into classes. The Eastern Slavs were engaged not only in gathering, fishing and hunting, but also pasture cattle breeding. However, the main occupation of the Eastern Slavs is agriculture and crafts. The transition from an appropriating to a producing economy led to the emergence of an excess product, which gradually began to accumulate with representatives of power (princes). Moreover, the princes and combatants were enriched, mainly as a result of the robbery of neighboring tribes. Property differentiation gradually loosened the tribal system with its leveling institutions and led to the emergence of the main institutions of class society. 2. The authors of what historical theory are the German scientists of the 18th century G.Z. Bayer and G.F. Miller? * a) Norman; b) German; c) East Slavic; d) Baltic. * German scientists of the 18th century G.Z. Bayer and G.F. Miller, who worked in Russia, created the so-called "Norman theory". This theory was based on a literal reading of the oldest Russian chronicle - The Tale of Bygone Years, edited by the monk Nestor. The "Tale" reported on the calling of the Varangians by the Ilmenian Slavs to Russia to control the Novgorod land. The Varangians in the Middle Ages in Russia were called the Norman or northern peoples living in Scandinavia. Based on the "Norman theory", German scientists made a far-reaching conclusion about the inferiority of the Russian people, unable to form their own state. It is quite obvious that this conclusion has a political orientation. This theory was first criticized by the great scientist M.V. Lomonosov. His evidence that the Slavs had all the data to form their own state looks quite convincing. Domestic historians, both pre-revolutionary and Soviet, were unanimous in their criticism of the "Norman theory". Modern Russian scientists believe that the formation of the Old Russian state is an objective process generated by the decomposition of communal relations and the emergence of the main institutions of class society among the Eastern Slavs. 3. Why did Kyiv become the main political center of the Old Russian state? a) Kyiv was in the geographical center of the Old Russian state; b) Kyiv was the religious center of the Slavic tribes; *c) Kyiv was the most ancient political and cultural center of the Eastern Slavs, it occupied an extremely advantageous military-strategic position. * Kyiv became the capital of the Old Russian state because it was the oldest political and cultural center of the Eastern Slavs, it occupied a very advantageous military-strategic position. Kyiv was the political center of the most economically and culturally developed tribal union of the Eastern Slavs - the glades. It opened a convenient waterway from the Slavic lands to the most developed part of Europe - Byzantium. 4. Why did Christianity become the state religion of Ancient Russia under Vladimir 1 Svyatoslavich? a) Vladimir Svyatoslavich was fascinated by the beauty of the service in Christian churches; *b) accepting Christianity, Vladimir Svyatoslavich was primarily guided by the state interests of Russia; c) Vladimir Svyatoslavich miraculously came to believe in Christian religious truths. * When baptizing Russia, Vladimir Svyatoslavich was guided not by some religious and mystical considerations, but by quite real state interests: the main foreign policy partners of Russia in Europe by that time had already adopted Christianity, which opened them access to the cultural achievements of the advanced countries. At that time, a single religion and a single church organization greatly facilitated economic and political relations within the Christian world. Christian sovereigns abandoned dynastic marriages with pagans. Russian merchants in Christian countries were discriminated against on religious grounds. The geographical position and long-standing historical ties predetermined the adoption of Christianity for Russia, as well as for other European countries. 5. What impact did the Mongol yoke have on the historical development of Russia? a) the Mongol yoke contributed to a more rapid overcoming of feudal fragmentation and the formation of a centralized state; *b) the Mongol yoke slowed down the economic, political and cultural development of Russia, was one of the main factors determining its relative historical backwardness from Western Europe; * The Mongol yoke left a heavy imprint on the history of Russia from 1237 to 1480, it slowed down the economic, political and cultural development of Russia, was one of the main factors that determined its relative historical lag behind the countries of Western Europe. And even after 1480, when Mongol yoke was over, the fight against the devastating raids of the Mongol-Tatars continued to distract the forces of the nation and the state from solving other problems. Only three hundred years later, the conquest of the Crimean Khanate under Catherine II ensured the safety of the population of the forest-steppe and steppe regions of Russia.
1. What were the reasons for the rise of Moscow and its transformation into the center of the Russian state? a) Moscow was the most ancient and developed center of Russia; b) the weakness of other principalities; *c) the advantage of the geographical position, the political flexibility of the Moscow princes, the support of Moscow by the church. *The advantageous geographical position of Moscow, the flexibility of the policy of the Moscow princes, the support of Moscow by the church. Moscow occupied a central position and was protected from all sides by other principalities from external enemies. The presence of a dense river network allowed it to unite the entire region, contributed to the development of crafts, production and trade. The policy of the Moscow princes was purposeful, flexible and far-sighted. It consisted in using various methods of expanding and strengthening one’s principality: boredom of lands, diplomatic seizure with the help of the Horde, attracting princes to their side with the aim of their voluntary entry into the Moscow principality, resettlement of the population from the Moscow region to sparsely populated areas with their subsequent annexation, etc. d. In the confrontation between Russian cities for the Grand Duke's table, Moscow was supported by the Russian Orthodox Church. In 1326, the first stone Assumption Cathedral was built in Moscow, to which Metropolitan Peter moved at the invitation of Ivan Kalita. Since that time, Moscow has become the center of the metropolis. In addition, there are non-traditional points of view on this issue. The historian A.A. Zimin saw the reasons for Moscow's victory in the creation of a strong service army and in the features of the colonization process, which favorably influenced the development of new areas. L.N. Gumilyov believed that the success of Moscow's development was predetermined by the vigorous activity of many passionaries in it. 2. What was the territory of the present Voronezh region by the time the formation of the Russian centralized state was completed? a) it was a densely populated area with a large number of cities; *b) the territory was a "Wild Field" - a depopulated region with a completely destroyed economy; c) these lands were subordinate to the Crimean Khan. * The Voronezh Territory was a "Wild Field" - a depopulated territory with an economy completely destroyed during the years of the Horde yoke. But even after the expulsion of the conquerors, the invasion Crimean Tatars on Russian lands continued. In order to strengthen and protect the southern borders of Russia, by decree of Ivan 1U in the 50-60s. Х1У c. the construction of the Belgorod defensive line with a length of 800 km begins. Within this line, in 1586, the city of Voronezh was founded. 3. Which Moscow prince is called the first collector of the Russian land? *a) Ivan Sh; b) Dmitry Donskoy; c) Ivan Kalita; d) Vasily Sh. *The Moscow prince Ivan Kalita (1325-1340) is called the first collector of the Russian land. He laid the foundations for the might of the Moscow principality. Moreover, the Moscow principality expanded significantly: most of the lands of northeastern Russia were annexed to it, including the Kostroma, Pereyaslav, Rostov and Yuryev principalities. In 1327, having suppressed the uprising in Tver against the Horde, Ivan Kalita received from the khan a label on the Vladimir principality, which from now on almost never left Moscow. In relation to the Horde, the Moscow prince pursued a flexible policy: outwardly observing obedience to the khans, paying regular tribute to the Horde, he carried out the unification of Russian lands around Moscow, the restoration and growth of the economy of Russia, and accumulated strength for the upcoming struggle against the foreign yoke. 4. Which Moscow prince completed the unification of Russian lands around Moscow? a) Ivan Sh; b) Alexander Nevsky; c) Dmitry Donskoy; * d) Vasily Sh. * The prince who managed to finally complete the unification of the Russian lands around Moscow was Vasily Sh. He annexed to Moscow the last principalities independent of Moscow, which included Ryazan, Novgorod-Seversky, Pskov and Smolensk. During the reign of Vasily III, the territory increased by more than six times and amounted to 2800 km2. Russia included about 100 cities. 5. What was the name of the main form of boyar feudal land tenure in the 15th - mid-16th centuries. *a) patrimony; b) feud; c) estate. * The main form of boyar feudal land tenure in the 16th-16th centuries was the estate. The votchina was a hereditary land possession, which could be taken away from the boyar only for treason to the Grand Duke. The votchina could be sold and inherited. With the stratification of the boyars, a significant part of it was dispossessed of land. Representatives of the landless boyars moved to new lands in order to serve the sovereign and receive an allotment of land. Landless boyars were given estates as a reward for service at the princely court. Hence the names "landlord" and "nobleman". The estate lands were not inherited until 1714, but could be transferred to the son only with the consent of the sovereign and on condition that the son accepted the position of his father. 6. What were the consequences of the reforms carried out by the Chosen Rada and Ivan 1U the Terrible in the middle of the 16th century? a) the Russian Empire was formed; b) decentralization of state administration was carried out; *c) there was an increase in the centralization of power in the Russian state. * Under Ivan the Terrible, there was an increase in the centralization of power in the Russian state. The crowning of Ivan 1U in 1547 contributed to the increase in the prestige of the central government. Previously, the khan of the Golden Horde was called the tsar. The Boyar Duma played an ever smaller role in the state. With the help of a group of persons close to him (the Chosen Rada), Ivan 1U carried out comprehensive reforms aimed at strengthening the central government. There was a system of orders - the apparatus of government. They existed until the reign of Peter 1. Local government developed, the main function of which was the layout, collection and delivery of direct taxes to Moscow. Feeding was cancelled. Instead, a tax was introduced in favor of the state. This contributed to the centralization of finance. In the course of the reforms, localism was limited - the system of distribution of official places among the feudal lords, which took into account, first of all, the origin and official position of their ancestors. A permanent archery army was created - the support of the power of the tsar and the state. In 1549, an all-estate legislative and advisory body, the Zemsky Sobor, was convened for the first time. In contrast to Western European class-representative bodies, it limited the power of the king to a much lesser extent. In the course of the church reform, uniform church holidays and a pantheon of saints were established. In 1550 a new Code of Laws was adopted. He reflected the strengthening of the serfdom of the peasants by increasing the "old". All transformations in the middle of the ХУ1 century. were intended to strengthen the power of the state and royal power. 7. Which Moscow prince first promulgated written laws, called the Code of Laws? a) Vasily the Dark; b) Vasily Sh; *c) Ivan Sh; d) Ivan the Terrible. * The first Moscow prince to promulgate written laws was Ivan Sh. In 1497, on the advice of the Boyar Duma, Ivan Sh published a new Sudebnik. This document legally fixed the centralization of the Russian state. 68 articles of the "Sudebnik" summarized and legally fixed the orders that are developing within the lands and principalities, as well as within the framework of a single state. Under Ivan 1U in 1550, a new Sudebnik was prepared and approved by the Zemsky Sobor and approved by the tsar. He basically retained the structure of the "Sudebnik" of 1497, but his 101 articles expanded the interpretation of many issues. 8. Did Russia have in the second half of the XNUMXth - the middle of the XNUMXth centuries. diplomatic, trade relations with countries with countries of the West and East? a) extensive relations have been developed with a number of countries in Europe and Asia; b) Russia was in diplomatic isolation; *c) Russia restored the interrupted relations with the countries of the East and the West and began to develop new ones. * Russia restored diplomatic and trade relations with a number of countries of the East and West and began to develop new ones. During the Horde yoke, Russia's ties with the countries of the East and West were practically interrupted (except for Novgorod). After gaining political independence, diplomatic isolation was broken, Ivan III became the first Moscow sovereign to resume relations with foreign states (Italy, Germany, Hungary, Denmark, Turkey, Iran, India). Expanded not only political, but trade and cultural ties with the countries of East and West. During this period, the interest of foreigners in Russia increased, the flow of those who came to our country exceeded the number of those leaving it. Ivan III himself married the heiress of the Byzantine throne, Sophia Paleolog. Products of crafts, timber, hemp, furs were exported from Russia; weapons, metal, cloth were imported to Russia from the West, fabrics, porcelain, jewelry from the East. Foreign craftsmen were used in mining, foundry, weapons, and construction. Since 1584, a sea route was opened from Arkhangelsk through the White Sea to England, which satisfied the interests of both countries. Ivan 1U had personal correspondence with the heads of many states: with the emperors of the "Holy Roman Empire" Charles W and Ferdinand 1, with the English Queen Elizabeth 1, with the kings of Poland Sigismund Vasa and Stefan Batory, with the kings of Denmark, Sweden, with the khans of Kazan, Astrakhan, Crimea.
1. Choose the correct chronological order of change of candidates for the Russian throne during the Time of Troubles (1598 - 1613): a) Fyodor Godunov, False Dmitry 1, Vladislav, False Dmitry P, Boris Godunov, Vasily Shuisky; b) False Dmitry 1, Boris Godunov, Fedor Godunov, False Dmitry P, Vladislav, Vasily Shuisky; * c) Boris Godunov, Fyodor Godunov, False Dmitry 1, Vasily Shuisky, False Dmitry P, Vladislav. 2. Why did the Zemsky Sobor in 1613 elect Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov to the Russian throne? a) the boyars wanted a strong king; *b) it was a compromise between different political camps in Russian society; * The election of Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov was the result of a compromise between different political camps in Russian society. After the Troubles, the country needed a government of social reconciliation. The candidacy of the Romanov family suited various strata and classes. For the boyars, the Romanovs were of their origin. In addition, they believed that the young and narrow-minded Mikhail would be "common" to them. Those who were close to the oprichnina court and those who suffered from the oprichnina did not object to the Romanovs, since the Romanovs were among those and others. Filaret, the father of the future monarch, was supported by supporters of False Dmitry 1, because. the impostor - Grigory Otrepyev - was the serf of Fyodor Romanov. The supporters of Vasily Shuisky could not be against either, because. under him, Filaret participated in the ceremony of transferring the relics of the innocently murdered Tsarevich Dmitry. And for the main opponents of Vasily Shuisky - the Tushino Cossacks - Filaret was his own, because. "Tushino" thief (False Dmitry P) called him patriarch. 3. When did the formation of absolutism begin in Russia? a) under Ivan Sh; b) under Ivan 1U; c) under Mikhail Fedorovich; *d) under Alexei Mikhailovich; e) under Peter 1. *The beginning of the formation of absolutism in Russia is attributed to the reign of Alexei Mikhailovich, i.e. to the second half of the 17th century. This was expressed in the decline in the role of institutions characteristic of a class-representative monarchy - the Boyar Duma and Zemsky Sobors, as well as in the victory of secular power over church power (the case of Patriarch Nikon). Absolutism in Russia was formed on the basis of the undivided domination of the feudal-serf system. During the years of exacerbation of social contradictions, all sections of the ruling class rallied around the tsar, which contributed to the strengthening of autocracy and the centralization of government. The theoretical postulates of autocracy were reinforced by the Council Code of 1649, two chapters of which were devoted to maintaining the prestige of royal power. Under Alexei Mikhailovich, the royal title changed. Instead of the former “sovereign, tsar and grand prince of all Russia”, after the reunification of Ukraine with Russia, it began to sound like this: “By the grace of God, the great sovereign, tsar and grand prince of all Great and Small and White Russia is an autocrat.” 4. How can public policy be characterized after the Time of Troubles? a) as liberal; *b) as conservative; c) as democratic. *After the Time of Troubles, the conservative trend won. None of the alternatives to the Time of Troubles took place. Society was incredibly tired of the political struggle that lasted a decade and a half and strove for the traditional order, for the familiar antiquity. The first Romanovs were able to provide this: Mikhail Fedorovich, Alexei Mikhailovich, Fedor Alekseevich. After the Troubles, it was necessary to almost rebuild the state, to restore the borders. This required a strong central authority, the bearer of which was the king. All actions of the authorities were carried out on behalf of the king and by his decree. Already the first tsar from the Romanov dynasty, chosen by the Zemsky Sobor in 1613, no conditions were set. Power acquired an autocratic-legitimate character.
1. What is a “protectionist policy”? a) the patronage of the monarch to random people and their promotion to court and government positions not on the principle of "state benefit", but on the basis of qualities that attract the monarch himself (personal devotion, physical beauty, etc.; *b) the economic policy of the state, aimed at support for the national economy. * "Protectionism" - the economic policy of the state, is carried out with the help of commercial and industrial barriers that protect the domestic market from the import of foreign goods. The financial encouragement of the national economy is characteristic. First appears in Russia under Peter 1. A number of decrees until 1717. - transfer to merchants on preferential terms of state-owned factories. After 1717 - the state's refusal of the monopoly on the sale of popular goods abroad; the release of the owners of manufactories from service; 1721 - granting the owners of manufactories the right to purchase enterprises; 1722 - a decree on the right of manufacturers not to return fugitives who have mastered the craft to the landowners. The pinnacle of the policy of protectionism is the customs tariff of 1724: the amount of duties levied on foreign goods began to depend on the ability of domestic enterprises to meet the needs of the domestic market (the more goods Russian manufactories produce, the higher duties are levied on the same goods imported due to boundaries). 2. Thanks to what document, people from the “vile” estates could count on receiving a title of nobility in Russia? a) "Charter to the nobility"; b) the General Regulations; *c) "Tables of Ranks"; d) the statute of the Chief Magistrate; e) Council Code of 1649 *Thanks to the "Table of Ranks". Adopted in 1722 new order passing service. The career ladder consisted of 14 steps, or ranks - from field marshal and admiral general or chancellor to warrant officer or collegiate registrar. Receiving rank 14 gave personal nobility, 8 - hereditary. 3. What were the orders of the ХУ1-ХУХ centuries replaced by? a) ministries b) Supreme Privy Council; *c) colleges; d) State Council; e) by the Council of Ministers. * Colleges. Collegiums were introduced by the government of Peter 1 in order to delimit functions between departments. Subordinated to the emperor and the Senate. 1717 - 21 years - states were established, presidents were appointed and the functions of 12 colleges were defined: the Collegium of Foreign Affairs, the Military Collegium, the Admiralty Collegium, the Collegium of Chambers, the Staff-office Collegium (public expenditure management), the Audit Collegium (controlling the spending of budget funds in the center and on the ground), the Berg Collegium, the Manufactory Collegium (management of industry), the Collegium of Commerce, the Patronage Collegium and the Chief Magistrate (management of city magistrates). Each board consisted of a presence (president, vice president, 4 advisers, 4 assessors and a secretary) and a staff (officials and clerks). The collegium had a fiscal (later a prosecutor) who controlled its activities. In the 80s. 18th century the State Offices, Revision, and Justice Colleges were abolished. The rest were preserved until the beginning of the 19th century. and were replaced by the ministries of Alexander 1. 4. In 1719, a museum and a library with it were opened in St. Petersburg for free visiting. What was his name? a) the Hermitage; b) Artillery Museum; *c) Kunstkamera; d) Russian Museum; e) Naval Museum. *Kunstkamera is a collection of natural science collections and rarities, skillful handicrafts. Initially, it united the personal collections of Peter 1, collected during a trip to Western Europe. Soon it began to replenish with a variety of domestic and foreign materials. In 1724, it became part of the Academy of Sciences and turned into a comprehensive museum. In the 30s. Х1Х century - due to the abundance of materials, it is divided into a number of museums: anatomical, ethnographic, zoological, etc. The building of the Kunstkamera is an outstanding architectural monument of the 18th century (1718-34, architects G.I. Mattarnovi, M.G. Zemtsov and others; restructuring - 1754 -58 years, architect S. Chevakinsky). 5. What is the main goal of Peter 1? a) strengthening the personal power of the monarch; *b) the desire to modernize Russian society; c) strengthening the country's defense capability; d) ensuring total control by states both over the activities and the personal lives of citizens. * The desire of Peter 1 to modernize society, to make Russia a European power. The means is a very quick introduction to Russia of everything advanced found in the West (technics, technology, achievements of science and culture, etc.). A kind of "push" to reforms is the practice of military operations in the South, and especially in the Northern War - the realization of the need to create a powerful economy, an army and navy, an appropriate system of government and the training of personnel necessary for this. 6. What places and architectural structures of Voronezh are associated with the stay of Peter 1 and the construction navy? a) the so-called "Arsenal"; *b) "Petrovsky Island" and the Assumption Church; c) the so-called "Travel Palace"; * "Petrovsky Island" - the place where the shipyard was located; multi-gun ships were built here: “Predestination”, “Apostle Peter”, “Apostle Paul”, many small ships. Assumption Church - the only surviving building of the pre-Petrine time; in the time of Peter the Great, the first ships of the Russian fleet launched into the water were consecrated here. 7. What direction of Russian foreign policy was the main one in last years reign of Peter 1? a) Far East (associated with the preparation of the expedition of V. Bering); b) Balkan (rapprochement between Russia and Montenegro); *c) South. *In the last years of the reign of Peter 1, the main direction of Russia's foreign policy was the so-called "southern" direction. 1722-23 - The Persian campaign of the Russian army and fleet under the command of Peter 1 to the Caspian possessions of Iran. Objectives: to ensure trade between Russia and Eastern countries, to assist the peoples of Transcaucasia in liberation from Iranian domination, to prevent Turkish aggression in Transcaucasia. The Russian government acted under an agreement with the King of Kartli Vakhtang U1 and the Armenian Catholicos Esai. July 1722 - landing of Russian troops (22 thousand infantry) in the Agrakhan Bay; August 23 - the capture of Derbent. December 1722 - Russian troops occupied Rasht, July 1723 - Baku. The successes of the Russian troops and the invasion of the Turks in Transcaucasia, which began in the spring of 1723, forced the Iranian government on September 12, 1723 to conclude the Treaty of Petersburg, according to which Derbent, Baku, the provinces of Shirvan, Gilan, Mazandaran and Astrabad were ceded to Russia. 8. What phenomenon in Russian history has been called the policy of "enlightened absolutism"? a) the reforms of Peter 1; *b) the policy of the government of Catherine II; c) the liberation of peasants from serfdom by Alexander II; * The policy of "enlightened absolutism" was one of the main activities of the government of Catherine II. At that time, the ideas of the Enlighteners (Montesquieu, Rousseau, Diderot, Voltaire, etc.) enjoyed great attention and authority. These ideas were based on the principles of "natural law", which recognized the equality and freedom of all people from birth and, consequently, their equal rights. The current human society, unreasonable and unjust, must be destroyed; it exists only because the unenlightened people do not understand all its injustice. Consequently, the enlightenment of the people is required, and the “enlightened monarch” will carry out transformations in society on various grounds. Catherine II was forced to take the path of "enlightened absolutism" by the aggravation of social contradictions in the country. In her Notes, she frankly wrote that it was precisely this that directly pushed her onto the path of strengthening autocracy in the spirit of the policy of "enlightened monarchs." Of course, there were other motives that forced the autocracy to take this path: the development of bourgeois relations, the weakening of the state power of the ruling class, etc. However, on the whole, Catherine's "liberal" phrases were camouflage; government policy remained pro-noble, feudal. 9. At the end of the XVIII century. Three divisions of the Commonwealth were made. In which of them did Russia participate? a) in the first and second; b) in the third; *c) in all three. *Russia participated in all three sections of the Commonwealth. By the middle of the eighteenth century. Poland (or the Commonwealth) was in a state of extreme weakening and decline. In essence, it lost the significance of an independent state and allowed stronger neighbors - Austria, Prussia, Russia - to interfere in their internal affairs. In 1772, as a result of an agreement between these states, the first partition of Poland took place. According to it, Russia received part of eastern Belarus and land in Livonia. In 1793 the second partition took place. Right-bank Ukraine (Volyn and Podolia) and Central Belarus (Minsk) depart to Russia. In 1795, the third division of the Commonwealth was carried out. Western Belarus, Western Volhynia, Lithuania and Courland went to Russia. Poland as a state ceased to exist. 10. To whom was the throne passed under the Law of Succession, issued by Paul 1 in 1797? a) the eldest son; b) the emperor's wife; c) the emperor's brother in seniority. *According to this law, the throne was transferred only through the male line in a straight ascending line, i.e. to the eldest son, then to the younger sons, and only in their absence - to the uncles. Thus, as it seemed to Paul, the order of succession would be established and the possibility of reigns, in particular, of his own wife, would disappear. That is, in essence, this law was a manifestation of the suspiciousness of Paul 1, fear for his future.
1. What is a "Secret Committee"? a) the censorship committee that appeared at the beginning of the 19th century; *b) the close circle of Alexander 1, which influenced his policy; in) secret police . * The “Secret Committee” was composed of representatives of aristocratic youth close to Alexander 1 - Pavel Stroganov, Nikolai Novosiltsev, Viktor Kochubey and Adam Czartoryski. All of them were Anglophiles and considered the English constitutional monarchy to be the ideal state structure, but the introduction of a constitution in Russia seemed to them premature. Consistently defending the principle of autocracy, they wanted to give the absolutist regime the appearance of external legality. From July 1801 to May 1802, 35 meetings of the Committee were held, and in 1803 the Committee, after only 4 meetings, was closed. Alexander 1 already felt more firmly on the throne and did not really need advisers of this kind. 2. Why did the Decembrists decide to speak on December 14, 1825, that is, earlier than the scheduled date? *a) Alexander 1 suddenly died; b) there was a merger of the Southern and Northern societies and a decision was made to act; c) the plan for the uprising was ready, and the members of the society did not want to waste time. * On November 19, 1925, during a trip to the south of Russia in Taganrog, Alexander 1 suddenly died. He did not have a son, and according to the law, his brother Konstantin was to take the throne. But in 1823 Konstantin renounced his rights to the throne in favor of his brother Nicholas, who followed him. However, the act of the abdication of Constantine and the approval of the heir to the throne of Nicholas was kept secret. Therefore, when it became known about the death of Alexander, the troops, government agencies and the population swore allegiance to Constantine. However, Constantine, not accepting the throne, did not want to formally renounce it either. An atmosphere of interregnum was created, which the Decembrists decided to take advantage of. The speeches were scheduled for December 14 - the day when the new tsar, Nicholas 1, was to be sworn in. 3. What did the "Eastern Question" mean for Russia in the second half of the 19th century? a) the Caucasian war for the annexation of the North Caucasus; b) the inclusion of the Central Asian peoples in the empire; *c) resolution of the problem of the Black Sea and the Black Sea straits, support for the liberation movement of the Balkan peoples. * For Russia, the resolution of the problem of the Black Sea and the Black Sea straits was associated with ensuring the security of the southern borders and with the economic development of the south of the country, with the intensive growth of Russia's foreign trade through the Black Sea. In addition, the decline of the once powerful Ottoman Empire led to the growth of the national liberation movement of the Balkan peoples against the Ottoman yoke. Russia feared that the collapse of the Ottoman Empire would make the Balkan peoples the prey of stronger European powers. She tried to strengthen her position in the Balkans in order to prevent the expansion of other European powers in this region. The patronage of the Orthodox population of the Balkan Peninsula served as a motive for Russia to participate in Middle Eastern affairs and counteract the expansionist machinations of England and Austria. 4. Who was called "temporarily liable" in post-reform Russia? a) a breeder who rented a state-owned enterprise for a while; b) a soldier who retired after military service in the reserve; c) land tenant; *d) a peasant. * "Temporarily liable" in post-reform Russia was a former serf. It is known that the legal emancipation of peasants from serfdom came immediately after the publication of the law. However, the most difficult question - about land - was confused. The position on the ownership of the landlords on all the lands belonging to them, including the former peasant allotments, was declared the starting point. The manifesto introduced a provision on the "voluntary donation" of the noble nobility. The time for the redemption of land by peasants into property in the Regulations was not established, and before the conclusion of the redemption transaction, the peasants received allotments only for use. And while the former serfs used the land, but did not own it, they received the title of temporarily obliged. For the use of formally landowner's land, they carried duties, the amount of which was regulated by law. 5. Which of the bourgeois reforms of the 60-70s. Х1Х century turned out to be the most radical and consistent? a) zemstvo; b) urban; c) military; *d) judicial; e) financial; e) in the field of education. * The most radical and consistent was the judicial reform of 1864. The country received a new court - a classless, public, competitive, with a bar, with the election of a justice of the peace, independent of the administration. There were cases when Alexander P expressed extreme bewilderment about the fact that even he could not remove an obstinate judge or investigator from his post. The crowning achievement of the reforms was the jury trial, which opponents of the reforms called the "court of the street", because. he was drawn from various walks of life. The bourgeois court brought Russia closer to the rule of law. The moment of promulgation of the judicial statutes became a real "finest hour" for the reformers and was received with unanimous sympathy by the polarized Russian society. 6. Name the longest bourgeois reform of the 19th century. a) zemstvo; b) urban; * c) military; d) judicial. *The longest of the liberal reforms is the military one. It began after the Crimean War and lasted for 30 years. The reform replaced many years of recruitment with all-class military service and significantly reduced the length of service. Instead of 25 years, the total service life in the ground forces was 15 years, including 6 years of active service and 9 years in the reserve, and in the Navy the total term was 10 years, of which 7 years of active service and 3 years of service in the reserve. The reform was aimed at humanizing and intellectualizing the training of officers. Military judicial reform 1863-1888 was designed to eliminate the legal grounds for the arbitrariness of commanders. Corporal punishment as a disciplinary measure was abolished, uniform criminal penalties were introduced for military personnel of all classes.
1. What are the features of the development of capitalism in Russia. *a) accelerated comprehensive development of the country; b) the development of the economy only at the expense of Russian capital; c) capitalism in Russia did not have its own characteristics. * A feature of capitalism in Russia is the accelerated comprehensive development of the country. Russia entered the new twentieth century. at a time when the pace of progressive changes in development was very high. She has not yet caught up with the level of development of the United States, Germany, England, but caught up with France. This is first. Secondly, in Russia, capitalism was "implanted" from above by the government, which was forced to use the latest achievements of bourgeois progress to strengthen itself and therefore encourage the construction railways, large enterprises. Thirdly, in Western Europe the bourgeoisie led the struggle for a more progressive path of development for a long period. In Russia, all these changes took place in a short time and using the experience of managing the economy, already developed in the countries of Europe and North America. Fourthly, the implementation of an agrarian policy aimed at strengthening feudal land ownership. As a result, the agrarian revolution was not completed, and by 1917, the final split of the peasantry into classes of bourgeois society did not take place. Fifth, the invasion of the Russian economy by foreign capitalism. Russian capitalism is distinguished by the diversity of its economic structures and social relations. Sixth, Russia was characterized by conditions for the development of capitalism "in breadth" due to the abundance of free land on the outskirts of the country. 3. Select three opposing socio-political currents that developed in Russia at the turn of the 19th - 20th centuries. *a) government, liberal, revolutionary-democratic; b) liberal-monarchist, populist; c) reactionary, constitutional, anarchist; * The first socio-political trend was government. Its representatives criticized any plans for reforms, demanded their limitation, insisted on unconditional control by the government over the socio-political life of the country and on the restoration of the shaken privileges of the nobility. The second socio-political movement was liberalism. The main carriers of liberal ideas were the bourgeois layers of the nobility and intelligentsia, and their activities took place within the framework of zemstvo institutions. At the turn of the XIX - XX centuries. the social base of liberalism is enlarged due to the broad involvement of representatives of the intelligentsia, doctors, teachers, and agronomists in the struggle. Liberalism opposed absolutism, condemned arbitrariness and violence, sought to introduce democratic freedoms in the country, expand the functions local government. The third trend was revolutionary-democratic. His ideology was populism, the foundations of which were formulated by Herzen, Ogarev and Chernyshevsky. Until the end of the 1970s, the most influential trend within this movement was the anarchist trend. Russian Social Democracy has come a long way before it became an independent ideological political movement. Its emergence is closely connected with the proletariat's hiring of independent political struggle, which was the most important feature of the world history of the 20th century. 4. Was an attempt made by the tsarist government to resolve acute political, economic and social problems who faced Russia in the early twentieth century. through reforms without revolutionary upheavals? *a) yes; b) no. *Such an attempt was made by S.Yu. Witte, Minister of Finance, who led the supporters of reforms and industrial modernization of the country. He advocated the creation of a national industry, for the liberation of the peasants from the guardianship of local authorities and the community, for the improvement of factory legislation, partly in favor of the workers, and so on. The opponent of the reforms was V.K. Plehve, Minister of the Interior, who sought to preserve the autocracy unchanged. And in this matter he found the support of the king. Ultimately, abandoning the reforms, the tsarist government hoped to resolve internal problems at the expense of the war with Japan. However, the calculations did not materialize. The Russo-Japanese War brought defeat to tsarism and aggravated the crisis of autocracy to the limit. Various parties, political movements that were in opposition to the authorities began to offer their response to acute internal problems. 5. What are the goals in the revolution of 1905-1907? were the basis for the unification of the parties of the "left bloc"? a) the implementation of the bourgeois-democratic revolution and the destruction of the autocracy; b) the implementation of the bourgeois-democratic revolution and its development into a socialist revolution; * c) the implementation of the bourgeois-democratic revolution and the destruction of the autocracy. The highest ideal of struggle is the replacement of capitalism by socialism. * The implementation of the bourgeois-democratic revolution and the destruction of the autocracy. The highest ideal of struggle is the replacement of capitalism by socialism. The leading parties of the "left bloc" were the Social Democrats, divided into factions of the Bolsheviks and Mensheviks, the Social Revolutionaries (SRs), as well as the national parties of the Social Democratic, Social Revolutionary, and anarchist directions. The latter took the documents of the Social Revolutionaries as the basis for the development of their programs. In order to ensure the successful course of the revolution, the parties of the revolutionary-democratic camp had to create a general democratic front against tsarism, win over all the revolutionary-democratic forces, and achieve a lasting alliance between the working class and the peasantry. One of the means of solving this complex problem was the tactic of concluding temporary partial agreements between the revolutionary parties fighting for a democratic republic and recognizing the need for an armed uprising. The revolutionary-democratic camp, quite clearly defined at the beginning of the 20th century, was a major revolutionary force in Russia, objectively capable of successfully resisting the autocracy. However, in 1905-1907. the coordinated action of various revolutionary forces, which would ensure their victory over the autocracy, did not happen, and it could hardly happen, since already at the first stage of the development of the Russian revolution, its main political forces took irreconcilable positions in relation to each other. 6. Have there been any positive changes in Russia since the revolution of 1905-1907? a) the revolution was defeated and therefore did not lead to any changes in society; b) a certain improvement in the economic situation of the workers and peasants was achieved; *c) despite the defeat of the revolution, its outcome was a partial modernization of the state system and its further evolution towards transformation into a bourgeois monarchy. *Despite the defeat of the revolution, its outcome was a partial modernization of the state system and its further evolution towards becoming a bourgeois monarchy. The revolution caused certain changes in the main spheres of society: political, economic and spiritual. The main event of political life was the creation of the legislative State Duma. For all the limited rights of the Duma, the estate nature of its representation, this was the first experience of Russian parliamentarism in history. A situation of actual multi-party system arose in the country. The working people received the right to create mass independent organizations (trade unions, cultural and educational societies, cooperative societies, etc.), they received some, albeit very limited, democratic freedoms. In the economic sphere, the revolution put agrarian reform on the agenda. However, the government recognized the need for labor legislation. The expenses of entrepreneurs to improve the social conditions of the workers' life have increased. Redemption payments were canceled for peasants, land rent was reduced. Enormous changes have taken place in the spiritual life of society. People began to think about the usual, seemingly unshakable concepts: the state structure, the position of various classes, etc. 7. Do you agree with the point of view that the Stolypin agrarian reform failed? *a) yes; b) no. * Stolypin's agrarian reform failed. It was not completed, although it was intended to ensure progress Agriculture . The reform replaced obsolete economic structures with more rational ones, opening up opportunities for the growth of productive forces in agriculture. To some extent, positive changes have been achieved. By 1913, the sown areas had increased, due to which an additional 500 million poods of grain were obtained. In prosperous farms due to agrotechnical methods, the yield increased by 1.5 - 2 times. The revival of agriculture inevitably led to the revival of industry. In terms of its average annual growth rate (8.8%), Russia came out on top in the world. In 1907-1914, there was an unprecedented take-off of the cooperative movement. Yet the reform failed even before the outbreak of World War I. She was unable to solve the main issue that was raised by another 1 Russian revolution - the peasant, because. maintained landownership. It was not possible to destroy the rural community either. Moreover, the reform even exacerbated the social contradictions in the country. 8. Determine the attitude of the main parties in Russia to the First World War? a) all parties refused to support the foreign policy of tsarism during the war years; b) the parties of the revolutionary-democratic camp refused to support the foreign policy of tsarism during the war years; c) only the RSDLP refused to support the foreign policy of tsarism during the war years; *d) only the Bolsheviks refused to support the foreign policy of tsarism during the war years. * Only the Bolsheviks refused to support the foreign policy of tsarism in the war. From the very beginning, the Union of the Russian People and other right-wing parties spoke from the standpoint of unconditional support for the tsarist government. The same was done by the parties of the liberal bourgeoisie, incl. and the main party is the Cadets. The ideas of social chauvinism were very popular among the Mensheviks, Socialist-Revolutionaries and anarchists. In general, the parties of the revolutionary-democratic camp during the First World War were in a state of fragmentation and acute intra-party struggle. The Bolsheviks took a special position in this situation. It was reflected in the Manifesto of the Central Committee of the RSDLP "War and Russian Social Democracy", prepared by V.I. Lenin. The Manifesto gave an assessment of the war as unjust, predatory. In contrast to their opponents, the Bolsheviks for the most part determined their attitude towards the war, expressed in their tactical slogans. The main ones were: 1. The transformation of the imperialist war into a civil war, into a revolution against the ruling classes. 2. Defeat your government in a war. 3. A complete break with the collapsed P International and the formation of a new International. The slogans of the Bolsheviks were subordinated to the solution of the main, from their point of view, task - the taking of political power. The Bolsheviks sought to unite all left-wing forces on the basis of a consistent anti-war position in order to crush the tsarist autocracy.
1. Were there any peculiarities in the February bourgeois-democratic revolution of 1917? a) there were no features. The February bourgeois-democratic revolution took place like the bourgeois revolutions in the West, and the bourgeoisie came to power; *b) February Revolution in Russia had its own characteristics and was strikingly different from the bourgeois revolutions in the West. *February Revolution of 1917 in Russia had its own characteristics. An important feature was the desire of the Russian bourgeoisie, due to the conditions of its development, to an agreement and division of power with tsarism. But, not wanting the revolution, the bourgeois opposition objectively contributed to it. The main role in the overthrow of the autocracy was played by the revolutionary-democratic camp, in the center of which stood the proletariat. The rapid victory of the revolution was ensured by the political isolation of tsarism and the strength of the general democratic movement. The very idea of autocracy failed even in the eyes of former supporters. The February Revolution gave the broad masses the first experience of real democracy. It ended a long period of Russia's historical development (the existence of a 300-year-old monarchy), the struggle of all democratic forces against one of the most savage and reactionary regimes of that time. At the same time, the February Revolution became the initial stage of the October Revolution. The final stage of the February Revolution was also distinctive. It ended with the establishment of dual power in the country. On the one hand, the Provisional Bourgeois Government, on the other, the Petrograd Soviet of Workers' and Soldiers' Deputies. 2. October events of 1917 - is it a revolution or a coup? a) a revolution *b) revolution. *From the point of view of a qualitative change in the state of society, October 1917 was a revolution, it changed the course of Russian history, brought to life a new content and new forms of socio-political activity. Naturally, the October Revolution cannot be reduced to a single act of conquest of political power. This act is the most important, but only the most important stage of the October Revolution. To reduce the October Revolution only to a political upheaval means to significantly narrow the scope of the October Revolution. The revolution captures not one, but all spheres of society's life without exception, including the economy, social, and spiritual areas. The October Revolution was a mighty breakthrough of millions of people, which united the fundamental interests of the working class, the age-old aspirations of the peasantry, the thirst for peace among soldiers and sailors, the ineradicable craving of the peoples of multinational Russia for freedom and light. The October Revolution remains an event that forced the world to take a different look at Russia and its people. 3. Was there an alternative to the October Revolution in 1917? a) no; *b) yes. *Yes, the following variants of the development of Russian society were possible. Bourgeois-democratic development, the beginning of which was laid by the overthrow of the autocracy. However, there were no appropriate conditions for the implementation of such a path. Russian society could not be in a state of deep socio-economic and political crisis for a long time. A change in policy was required. Since July-August 1917, the threat of establishing a military-terrorist dictatorship (“Kornilovism”) has been created in the country. The reason for its threat was the weakness of democratic institutions, the social fatigue of the masses in the context of the growing crisis. An anarchist rebellion, the threat of which had developed by the autumn of 1917, when the Provisional Government did not actually have power, and the Bolsheviks were not yet ready to seize it. Anarchism in Russia had rather deep roots. However, the October Revolution took place. The coming to power of the Bolsheviks was associated with the anarchy established after the failure of the "Kornilovism". The interim government could not control the situation in the country, did not have enough armed formations. However, it was the latest circumstances that predetermined the development of the October events. 4. The main provisions of the program of which party included the "Land Decree"? a) the Bolshevik Party; *b) the Socialist-Revolutionary Party; c) the cadet party. * In general, the "Decree on Land" included the main provisions of the Socialist-Revolutionary program on the agrarian issue. The "Decree on Land" was based on the peasant order on land, drawn up on the basis of 242 local peasant orders. The essence of the Decree came down to the abolition of private ownership of land, the elimination of landownership, the nationalization of land, its transfer to the disposal of peasant organizations and equal land use. The adoption by the Second Congress of Soviets of the "Decree on Land" laid the foundation for the deepest agrarian revolution in the history of Russia. 5. What were the reasons for the rapid establishment of Soviet power throughout the country? a) the establishment of Soviet power throughout the country was not necessary. It was enough to convene the Constituent Assembly and confirm the establishment of Soviet power; *b) in order to win to the end, the October Socialist Revolution must go beyond the capital. *In order to win to the end, the October Socialist Revolution had to go beyond the capital. Undoubtedly, the main reason was the mass support of the first Soviet decrees, which were of a general democratic nature and met the vital interests of the majority of the country's population, this can be clearly seen from the following table:
| 1917 | 1918 | ||||
| October | November | December | January | February | March |
| Pet-ro-grad | Moscow, Latvia, Estonia, Belorussia, Baku, Northern and Western fronts | Southwestern, Romanian and Caucasian fronts | Ukraine, South Ural | Don | Kuban, Crimea, Central Asia |
1. One of the most important steps in the transition to peaceful life after civil war in Russia there was a decision to: *a) replace the surplus with a tax in kind; b) the return of land to the landowners; c) permission for the activities of the parties of the Cadets and Octobrists; d) denationalization of large-scale industry. * The 10th Congress of the RCP (b) in March 1921, according to the report of V.I. Lenin, decided to replace the surplus appropriation with the tax in kind. This marked the beginning of the New Economic Policy. The size of the tax in kind was 2 times less compared to the surplus appraisal. It could not be increased within a year. The poorest part of the peasantry, which was the mainstay of power in the countryside, and collective farms were exempt from tax or received substantial benefits. The most prosperous strata of the rural population were subjected to increased taxation. In order to restore agriculture as soon as possible, some previous prohibitions were eliminated: it was allowed to lease land, to use hired labor. Peasants were allowed to trade their surplus produce. 2. Why is December 30, 1922 considered the day of the formation of the USSR? *a) on this day the 1st Congress of Soviets of the USSR began its work; b) on this day, all Soviet republics signed a union treaty; c) on that day, at the congress of the RCP (b), a decision was made to form the USSR. *On this day, at the 1st Congress of Soviets, the Soviet republics signed a union treaty on the formation of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, where the principles for the formation of a new state were fixed. Initially, the Union consisted of four republics: the RSFSR, the Ukrainian SSR, the Byelorussian SSR, the Transcaucasian Federation (the latter united Azerbaijan, Armenia, Georgia). In all the republics, power was exercised by a single communist party, led by the Central Committee from Moscow. The All-Union Congress of Soviets (January 1924) approved the first Constitution of the USSR, formalizing the creation of a single union state as a federation of Soviet republics. 3. What are the reasons for the curtailment of the NEP. a) NEP did not justify itself economically; *b) the impossibility of long maneuvering between the market and the directive; economic changes were not complemented by political ones; * The reasons for the curtailment of the NEP are the impossibility of a long maneuvering between the market and the directive, as well as the fact that economic changes were not supplemented by political ones. The transformations that began in the spring of 1921 gave certain positive results, made it possible to achieve in the economy by the mid-20s. pre-war (1913) level. But the transformations carried out in the economy required political and social changes. However, the political structures were conservative, actively resisted, did not want to undergo major changes. Market and command-administrative principles struggled in the economy. Naturally, long maneuvering between the market and the directive turned out to be impossible. Having restored the economy, the NEP also strengthened the foundations of the overly centralized system, which in the late 20s. almost completely discarded it. 4. What formed the regime of Stalin's personal power? a) a positive assessment of Lenin; *b) party support. * The regime of Stalin's personal power was formed thanks to party support, since already in the 20s. Stalin dealt with personnel issues in the party. He trained supporters primarily from the middle stratum of party workers - the secretaries of the regional and regional committees of the party. And those, in turn, influenced the opinion of their delegations, who made decisions at plenums, conferences and congresses of the party. Stalin also found broad social support in the person of the petty proprietors of the city and countryside, which appeared in abundance during the NEP period. The petty-bourgeois psychology of individualism pushed them towards strong power. Not the last role in Stalin's ascent to the top of the pyramid of power was played by the propaganda of his image, starting from kindergarten. One of the main reasons for the rise of Stalin is seen in the constant exploitation of the socialist idea, the authority of Lenin - Stalin's "friend" and "teacher", although Lenin was one of the first, if not the first, to give a negative description of Stalin. In many open in the 30s. Museums of Lenin obligatory attribute was a bust of Stalin. Attempts by the Leninist Guard to point out Stalin's distortion of Lenin's theoretical legacy were not successful. 5. What kind of society was built in the 30s? *a) a socialist society has been built; b) an industrial society has been built; c) a post-industrial society has been built. *In the 30s. Socialism was built in the USSR, which was characterized by extreme contradictions. On the one hand, the broad masses of the people gained access to culture and education, science developed, many enterprises were put into operation, numerous personnel were trained for all branches of the national economy, people showed unheard-of social optimism and labor enthusiasm. On the other hand, forced collectivization was carried out, super-centralization triumphed in the management of the economy, the state intervened in all spheres of society and excluded dissident people from life.
1. Did the USSR take part in the Munich Agreement of 1938? a) yes; *b) no. * The Soviet Union did not take part in the Munich Agreement (deal). Moreover, the agreement was prepared and signed in secret from the USSR. On September 29, 1938, in Munich, the heads of government of Germany (Hitler), Great Britain (Chamberlain), Italy (Mussolini), France (Daladier) announced the division of Czechoslovakia, instructing it to immediately transfer the Sudetenland and the border regions to Germany, as well as to satisfy the territorial claims brought by Poland and Hungary. Czechoslovakia lost a fifth of its territory, which was home to about a quarter of the population, powerful defensive structures and half of heavy industry. Representatives of Czechoslovakia itself were summoned to Munich only to hear the verdict. 2. Can the surprise factor of the German attack on the USSR be considered the main reason for the defeat of the Red Army at the beginning of the war? a) yes; *b) partially; c) no. * The surprise factor of the attack affected the tragic defeats of the Red Army at the beginning of the war, but was not the main reason. The reasons for the defeat are more complex and deeper. Summing up the results of the first period of the Great Patriotic War, we can single out the following factors that led to the defeat of the Red Army: firstly, Germany transferred its economy to the production of the latest military equipment much earlier Soviet Union in addition, she captured the weapons of more than 200 divisions of the defeated countries of Europe; secondly, unjustified repressions in 1937-1938. bled the Red Army, she lost her best command cadres; thirdly, gross miscalculations by our political and military leadership in the combat training of troops, determining the timing of the start of fascist aggression. Stalin believed that the Nazi invasion, if it did take place, would not take place before 1942; fourthly, the lack of the necessary combat experience among the officers and rank and file of the Red Army, their orientation towards a swift counteroffensive and the transfer of hostilities to enemy territory at the first stage of the war. By abandoning the defensive concept, the political and military leadership made a miscalculation. This led to the fact that the enemy, who significantly outnumbered the Soviet troops in the first echelon, quickly dismembered the defense system and beat our troops in parts. 3. What events completed the turning point during the Great Patriotic War? a) the withdrawal of Soviet troops to the state border of the USSR; b) Moscow battle; *in) Battle of Kursk; G) Battle of Stalingrad. * A radical change in the course of the Great Patriotic War was completed by the victory of the Red Army on the Kursk Bulge. The reason for the turning point was the Battle of Moscow, in which Nazi Germany suffered its first major defeat in World War II. The Battle of Stalingrad became the central combat event that determined the turning point. The completion of the turning point was the Battle of Kursk in July-August 1943. This meant that the initiative in combat operations had gone over to the side of the Red Army and it was now conducting offensive battles along the entire front line. 4. When was the city of Voronezh liberated from the Nazi invaders? a) November 19, 1942; b) August 23, 1943; *c) January 25, 1943; d) July 18, 1943 *January 25, 1943 Voronezh was liberated from Nazi invaders. Voronezh was of great strategic importance, so it was assigned a role in Germany's aggressive plans. In the Voronezh direction, the Nazis undertook three offensives. The toughest battles for Voronezh unfolded from July 1942, which lasted 212 days and nights. The troops of seven fronts fought on Voronezh land, the main of which was the Voronezh Front. About 600 thousand people died in the battles for the liberation of our city. 320 people received the title of Hero of the Soviet Union.
1. What factors contributed to the successful recovery of the Soviet economy in the recent period? *a) the enthusiasm of the Soviet people and internal economic factors; b) US assistance in accordance with the Marshall Plan; c) help from other allies in the anti-Hitler coalition. * The enthusiasm of the Soviet people and internal economic factors contributed to the successful restoration of the national economy. By not accepting the terms of the Marshall Plan, the Soviet Union could only rely on internal resources to restore the country's economy. The Soviet people showed heroic efforts, a high sense of patriotism, mutual assistance in restoring the economy destroyed by the war. The internal economic factors include the following: during the war years, a large industrial base was created in the east of the country. By 1946, 3,500 large industrial enterprises were put into operation, which after the war were reequipped for the production of civilian products. As the Soviet land was liberated from the Nazis, restoration work was immediately carried out. By the end of the war, 1/3 of the destroyed production facilities were put into operation. After the end of the war, measures were taken to demilitarize the country. Budget expenditures for military needs were reduced in 1948 from 48% to 17.9%. Investments were mainly aimed at the restoration of heavy industries. Only an insignificant part of the losses was made up by payments from the defeated countries. As a result, in 1948 the country reached the pre-war level in heavy industry, and in 1950 in industry as a whole. However, the lag in light industry and agriculture during the years of the Fourth Five-Year Plan was not overcome. 2. What was the result of the new balance of power in the world after the end of World War II? a) Germany continued to pose a danger to the world; *b) there was a shift of the political, military and economic center from Europe to the USA; c) Europe maintained its leading position in the world. *After the war, the economic, military and political center of the world moved from Europe to the USA. Germany, Italy and Japan, defeated in the war, lost their pre-war positions. England and France, which previously had political prestige and economic prosperity, weakened. Only the United States came out of the war stronger economically, militarily and politically. They accounted for 2/3 of the global production industry. They had a monopoly on atomic weapons. Although the moral and political authority of the USSR increased after the defeat of fascism, the economic ruin in the country put it at a disadvantage in relation to the United States. By virtue of its power, the United States began to show the policy of the dictator in relation to other countries, including the USSR, which provoked a protest from the Soviet Union as the victorious country. More and more conflicts and problems began to appear between the USSR and the USA: (German, Balkan, Korean, Iranian, etc.), which ultimately led to the beginning of the Cold War between the former allies. Its apogee fell on 1947-1950. 3. How can one assess the political situation in Soviet society after the war? a) society was in a state of apathy; *b) the provision was contradictory; c) the country was immediately returned to political repression. *The political position of Soviet society after the end of the war was contradictory. The victory in the Great Patriotic War awakened in the Soviet people a sense of pride in their homeland, great enthusiasm, a desire to restore the country as soon as possible, to achieve the desired well-being. But democratic tendencies in the internal life of the country were very weak. And after some searching for ways further development society, discussions in the leadership of the country were defeated by the forces that returned it to the former command and administrative methods of the 30s. Ideological control again intensified in the country, a wave of political repression swept through. At the same time, despite the rejection of negative methods and processes by a part of society, there was no hint of a change in the political system. Faith in socialism was very great.
1. How can you evaluate the activities of Khrushchev N.S.? a) only positively; b) only negative; *c) his activities were controversial. As a result of his leadership, certain successes were achieved in our country, but miscalculations were also made. *During the years of his leadership, our country won the 1st stage of the scientific and technological revolution. Great importance was attached to the restoration of law and order. Under Khrushchev, Stalin's personality cult began to be exposed. The productive forces of the country have reached a new level of development, the standard of living of the people has risen. There were also some successes in foreign policy. great attention was given support to states liberated from colonial dependence. The Cuban people received especially great help after the revolution. At the same time, Khrushchev never embarked on the path of deep democratic reforms. The top political leadership of the country, his activities remained outside the scope of criticism. Acting as the initiator of numerous undertakings in the field of economy, state administration, Khrushchev showed haste, ill-conceivedness and therefore could not achieve positive results. Under Khrushchev, the confrontation with the capitalist world continued, which prompted measures to build up the country's defense potential. All this required huge economic and political efforts. 2. What does Khrushchev's "thaw" mean after Stalin's death? a) a number of important state measures aimed at the partial democratization of the life of society; b) a series of measures on a national scale aimed at the complete liberalization of the country; * c) the revival of the cultural life of the country. * The revival of cultural life under Khrushchev was called by his contemporaries a "thaw". Highly artistic literary works appeared, in which acute questions of social life were raised. Among them is the novel by V.D. Dudintsev "Not by Bread Alone", A.T. Tvardovsky's poem "Terkin in the Other World", a story by A.I. Solzhenitsyn “One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich”, etc. On the other hand, pressure on the creative intelligentsia continued, which was especially evident during the 1958 campaign against B.L. Pasternak, Khrushchev's criticism of abstractionists and formalists during an inspection of an exhibition of Moscow artists in 1962. 3. What was typical for our country in the period from 1964 to the early 70s? *a) the scale and intensity of work to find ways to renew society, establish a scientific approach and the economy; b) reform of political structures; c) major transformations in the social and spiritual development of society. *These years are characterized by the scale and intensity of the activities of the party and the state in search of ways to renew society, to establish a scientific approach to the economy. Brezhnev and his team, after the removal of Khrushchev, realized that the time required a scientific approach to solving many problems in the country. The March and September plenums of the Central Committee (1965) discussed new approaches to managing the economy and laid the foundation for the deployment of significant reforms. It was the largest attempt in the entire post-war period to restructure the economy with the demands of time. The decisions of the plenums affected industry, construction and agriculture. A five-year plan was approved as the main form of state planning, the sphere of operation of the economy at enterprises and industries was envisaged, and measures were outlined to improve the incentive system. The reform gave a certain impetus to the economic development of the country. It unleashed for some time the initiative of enterprises, stimulated the emergence of production associations, where issues of technical re-equipment were better resolved. The transformations of the mid-1960s in agriculture were aimed at intensifying production and raising the living standards of the working people. The country developed in an ascending line. 4. What were the results of the economic reform of 1965? *a) the reform did not bring the expected results; b) the reform gave a certain impetus to the economic development of the country and unleashed the initiative of industrial enterprises; c) the reform caused changes in the management system of industry and construction; d) the reform ended with great success in the development of the country. * The transformations of the 60s in the country's economy were half-hearted. They were not accompanied by transformations in political structures, in the social and spiritual development of society. From the very beginning, the reform was doomed to failure. The created system of economic management began to falter (adjustments to plans became more frequent, the rights of enterprises were limited, the dictate of the center intensified). As you can see, the administrative-directive principle remained predominant. The new forms of agricultural management, conceived by the March (1965) plenum of the Central Committee, were not implemented, the activities of collective farms and state farms were still regulated to the smallest detail, the system of procurement of agricultural products by the state remained essentially the same “surplus appraisal”, which was “knocked out” by all methods and means. Firm plans for the purchase of products were violated. The process of democratization of society that began after the 20th Congress did not go deep, and from the second half of the 60s. paused. In practice, voluntarism and subjectivism were observed. After the September (1965) plenum of the Central Committee, the centralized principle was strengthened. If the 23rd Congress spoke of the need to uphold economic independence, then the 21st Congress (1971) gave guidelines for "increasing the role and expanding the independence of ministries and departments." The administrative apparatus, which dictated the will of the economy and politics, grew incredibly. Commodity-money relations developed in ugly forms, forming a shadow economy. They became a factor of decay, a source of abuse, economic crime, and the destruction of traditional moral norms. As a result, even this half-hearted reform, which concerned mainly the economic basis and was not connected with the restructuring of social structures, did not receive support from the leadership and met with strong resistance from the bureaucratic apparatus, quickly came to naught. 5. What characterizes the stagnant period in the development of Soviet society (1970-1985)? *a) a sharp weakening of innovative aspirations, the conservation of the principles and forms of social organization; b) the struggle for radical changes in all spheres of life of societies; c) Soviet society did not have a stagnant period at all. *These years are characterized by a noticeable weakening of innovative aspirations, the conservation of the principles and forms of social organization. It was at this time that the mechanism of inhibition was formed, stagnation appeared and developed in all spheres of the life of Soviet society. In the highest echelon of power, forces that recognized the forms of economic and political organization that had taken shape back in the 1930s took over. Scientists who sought solutions to economic problems by expanding the scope of the law of value and market relations were subjected to persecution. The administrative nature of the economic mechanisms that developed in the 1930s and 1940s continued to operate. In the USSR, economic incentives were still ignored, the costly system of managing the economy dominated. The crisis situation in the country also affected social relations and the political life of the country. 6. When was the final act of the Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe signed? *a) in 1975; b) in 1979; c) in 1982 * "Detente" of tension, which turned out to be the deepest in 1972-1975. was secured by an important international agreement: on April 1, 1975, the leaders of European countries, joined by the United States and Canada, signed in Helsinki the Final Act of the Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe. This was a great success for Soviet diplomacy. The USSR finally achieved the goal it had long pursued: the solemn recognition of the territorial and political order it had established in Eastern Europe. In exchange for this recognition, the Western participants insisted on the inclusion in the Act, despite the resistance of the Soviet side, of articles on the protection of human rights, freedom of information and movement.
1. What were the causes of our country's lagging behind the leading countries of the world in the context of the growing influence of scientific and technological revolution? *a) absence effective mechanism management; b) deficiencies in the STP management system; c) insufficient number and competence of scientific personnel; d) the low level of activity and responsibility of the working masses. * The lack of an effective management mechanism that creates economic incentives for the introduction of scientific and technological achievements into production. There are general trends in the development of science, technology, and productive forces in the world. And those countries that have not found the strength and ability to follow them, find themselves on the sidelines of history for a long time. In our country it was not possible to create effective system management. Separate, even amazing achievements, did not express the general trends in the development of science and technology. Therefore, the collapse of the former system of economic management was inevitable. Searching effective methods management, it became necessary to form a new type of economic relations, creating incentives for accelerating the introduction of scientific and technological achievements. At the same time, the modern economic mechanism of the advanced countries of the world, which organically combines the strengths of the planned and market principles, serves as a guideline. It was on this path that the US and Japan managed to achieve impressive economic results, overcome the barrier of underdevelopment and take a worthy place in the world civilization of South Korea, and successfully implement economic reforms in China. 2. What is the purpose of the reforms that began in 1992? a) improve the state economic system; *b) to carry out the transition to a market economy and, in accordance with this, to transform social relations. *Make the transition to a market economy. Socialist reformism did not take place in our country. Having failed to create powerful stimuli for economic, scientific, technological and social progress on a socialist basis, a turn was made in society towards fundamental changes in the entire system of economic and social relations. However, the reform steps taken have shown that in order to overcome the crisis, to join the global processes of accelerated development of the achievements of modern scientific and technological revolution and, on an equal basis with the leading countries, to create a new technical basis for the economy, Russia must have a concept of natural-historical development. It is not possible to implement ready-made economic standards, political models. In this regard, the future of the country lies in the emergence of a fundamentally new society that organically absorbs all the dramatic experience of our Fatherland and all the progressive achievements of mankind. Moreover, it will acquire real outlines only if national traditions, the socio-economic and cultural level, the state of public consciousness, natural conditions, etc. are taken into account. 3. How has the foreign policy of our country changed since the mid-1980s? a) led to an aggravation of the international situation; *b) contributed to the easing of international tension; *Contributed to the easing of international tension. The foreign policy of any state is in many ways a continuation of its domestic policy. The changes that began in the spring of 1985 in the domestic political life of the country could not but affect the spheres of foreign policy activity. It was necessary to revise many dogmas of political thinking, perceiving the world through the prism of a confrontational approach, dividing it into two socio-political systems, doomed in their relations to eternal antagonism. Thus, a new foreign policy course of our state began to be created. It was based on a philosophical and political concept, called the new political thinking. This concept proceeded from the thesis of a diverse, but interdependent and integral world. Hence the impossibility of solving international problems by force was proclaimed. Instead of the balance of military forces in a universal way of solving international affairs a balance of interests is declared, which is found on the basis of the priority of universal human values over class ones. On the basis of a new foreign policy course, a number of bold initiatives, our country broke the ice of international confrontation and took the lead in the process of global changes in international relations, as well as the end of the Cold War.
Subject of study Patriotic history are patterns of political and socio-economic development of the Russian state and society as part of the global process of human history. The history of Russia examines socio-political processes, the activities of various political forces, the development of political systems and state structures.
Methods for studying history:
1) chronological- consists in the fact that the phenomena of history are studied strictly in temporal (chronological) order. It is used in compiling chronicles of events, biographies;
2) chronologically problematic- provides for the study of the history of Russia by periods, and within them - by problems. It is used in all general studies, including various courses of lectures on history;
3) problem-chronological- is used in the study of any one aspect of the activities of the state, society, politician in its consistent development. This approach makes it possible to more fully trace the logic of the development of the problem, as well as to extract practical experience most effectively;
4) periodization- is based on the fact that both society as a whole and any of its constituent parts go through various stages of development, separated from each other by qualitative boundaries. The main thing in periodization is the establishment of clear criteria, their strict and consistent application in the study and research;
5) comparative historical- is based on the recognition of a certain recurrence of historical events in world history. Its essence is to compare them to establish both common patterns and differences;
6) retrospective- is based on the fact that past, present and future societies are closely interconnected. This makes it possible to recreate a picture of the past even in the absence of all sources relating to the time under study;
7) statistical- consists in the study of important aspects of the life and activities of the state, a quantitative analysis of many homogeneous facts, each of which individually is not of great importance, while in the aggregate they determine the transition of quantitative changes into qualitative ones;
8) sociological research used in contemporary studies. It makes it possible to study phenomena in the main political history. Among the techniques of this method are questionnaires, surveys, interviews, etc.
Sources of study national history very significant and complex. The exact boundaries of the range of sources do not seem to exist due to the integrity and indivisibility of the historical process, the interconnectedness of people's activities at various stages of historical and political development. Approximate source classification: 1) archaeological sources; 2) annals and chronicles; 3) ethnographic sources; 4) archival documents; 5) documents of state bodies and public organizations of the Russian state; 6) documents political parties and movements of Russia 7) works of statesmen and public figures of Russia; 8) periodicals; 9) memoir literature; 10) museum documents; 11) photo, phono and film documents; 12) electronic media.
Approximate test topics:
1 .What is the name of the most complete of the sources covering the history of Ancient Russia?
a) Novgorod First Chronicle;
b) "The Tale of Bygone Years";
c) Ostromir Gospel.
The most complete source for studying the history of Ancient Russia is The Tale of Bygone Years. It is a chronicle compiled in Kyiv at the beginning of the 12th century. monk of the Kiev-Pechersk monastery Nestor and later supplemented by hegumen Sylvester. This document was, in essence, the first historical work in Russia in which the history of the Old Russian state is shown against a broad background of events in world history.
2 . Which of the following principles is applied in the study of national history?
a) the principle of large numbers;
b) the principle of alternativeness;
c) the principle of balance.
One of the main principles of studying Russian history is the principle of alternativeness. It's not just opposing one option to another, which often happens in discussions. Nor can a speculative proposal based on facts be an alternative. An alternative is to determine the degree of probability based on an analysis of the available objective, real possibilities. The use of this principle makes it possible to see the polyvariance of the historical process, to trace possible, but not taken place, ways of development.
3 . What is the science that helps to better study history?
a) architectonics;
b) archaeography;
c) biogeography
Archeography is an auxiliary historical discipline that studies the issues of publishing written historical sources. The principles and methods of publication, the organization of publishing work, the history of the publication of documents are the main problems developed by archaeography. The task of archaeographers also includes work on the publication of sources.
4. What linguistic community do the Slavs belong to?
a) Turkic;
b) Indo-European;
c) Ural.
The Slavs belong to the ancient Indo-European linguistic community, which includes such peoples as Germanic, Greek, Iranian, Indian and others. The geographical center of the original Indo-European massif is 5-4 thousand years BC. was the northeastern part of the Balkan Peninsula and Asia Minor. At the turn of the 4th-3rd millennium BC. pastoral cattle breeding develops among the Indo-Europeans and they are widely settled in Europe. By the middle of the 2nd millennium BC. agriculture comes first in their economy. In connection with this, related Indo-European tribes that have passed to a settled way of life are gradually disintegrating into large ethnic arrays. One of these ethnic arrays were the Proto-Slavs, who settled in the territory from the Middle Dnieper in the east to the Oder in the west, from the northern slope of the Carpathians in the south to the river. Pripyat in the north.
5. Is there a relationship (and what kind) between the method of agriculture and the social development of the Eastern Slavs of the 10th-10th centuries?
a) there is no relationship;
b) slashing method - more progressive;
c) more progressive arable farming.
Arable farming made it universally accessible to conduct an independent economy by a separate small family, therefore, it contributed to the replacement of a patriarchal family community by a territorial community; slash-and-burn agriculture required a large amount of work, collective organization of labor and communal property - therefore, preserved primitive relations.
6. What are the objective prerequisites for the formation of the Old Russian state?
a) calling by the Ilmenian Slavs of the Varangians to Russia;
b) the emergence of private property among the Eastern Slavs and the beginning of the stratification of social society.
The formation of the Old Russian state is an objective process generated by the emergence of private property and the stratification of society into classes. The Eastern Slavs were engaged not only in gathering, fishing and hunting, but also pasture cattle breeding. However, the main occupation of the Eastern Slavs is agriculture and crafts. The transition from an appropriating to a producing economy led to the emergence of an excess product, which gradually began to accumulate with representatives of power (princes). Moreover, the princes and combatants were enriched, mainly as a result of the robbery of neighboring tribes. Property differentiation gradually loosened the tribal system with its leveling institutions and led to the emergence of the main institutions of class society.
a) Norman
b) German;
c) East Slavic;
d) Baltic.
The German scientists of the 18th century G.Z.Bayer and G.F.Miller, who worked in Russia, created the so-called "Norman theory". This theory was based on a literal reading of the oldest Russian chronicle - The Tale of Bygone Years, edited by the monk Nestor. The "Tale" reported on the calling of the Varangians by the Ilmenian Slavs to Russia to control the Novgorod land. The Varangians in the Middle Ages in Russia were called the Norman or northern peoples living in Scandinavia. Based on the "Norman theory", German scientists made a far-reaching conclusion about the inferiority of the Russian people,
unable to form their own state. It is quite obvious that this conclusion has a political orientation.
This theory was first criticized by the great scientist M.V. Lomonosov. His evidence that the Slavs had all the data to form their own state looks quite convincing. Domestic historians, both pre-revolutionary and Soviet, were unanimous in their criticism of the "Norman theory". Modern Russian scientists believe that the formation of the Old Russian state is an objective process generated by the decomposition of communal relations and the emergence of the main institutions of class society among the Eastern Slavs.
8. Why did Kyiv become the main political center of the Old Russian state?
a) Kyiv was in the geographical center of the Old Russian state;
b) Kyiv was the religious center of the Slavic tribes;
c) Kyiv was the most ancient political and cultural center of the Eastern Slavs, it occupied an extremely advantageous military-strategic position.
Kyiv became the capital of the Old Russian state because it was the oldest political and cultural center of the Eastern Slavs, and occupied a very advantageous military-strategic position. Kyiv was the political center of the most economically and culturally developed tribal union of the Eastern Slavs - the glades. It opened a convenient waterway from the Slavic lands to the most developed part of Europe - Byzantium.
9 . Why did Christianity become the state religion of Ancient Russia under Vladimir I Svyatoslavich?
a) Vladimir Svyatoslavich was fascinated by the beauty of the service in Christian churches;
b) accepting Christianity, Vladimir Svyatoslavich was primarily guided by the state interests of Russia;
c) Vladimir Svyatoslavich miraculously came to believe in Christian religious truths.
Baptizing Russia, Vladimir Svyatoslavich was guided not by some religious and mystical considerations, but by quite real state interests: the main foreign policy partners of Russia in Europe had already adopted Christianity by that time, which opened them access to the cultural achievements of the advanced countries. At that time, a single religion and a single church organization greatly facilitated economic and political relations within the Christian world. Christian sovereigns abandoned dynastic marriages with pagans. Russian merchants in Christian countries were discriminated against on religious grounds. The geographical position and long-standing historical ties predetermined the adoption of Christianity for Russia, as well as for other European countries.
10. What influence did the Mongol yoke have on the historical development of Russia?
a) the Mongol yoke contributed to a more rapid overcoming of feudal fragmentation and the formation of a centralized state;
b) the Mongol yoke slowed down the economic, political and cultural development of Russia, was one of the main factors determining its relative historical backwardness from Western Europe;
c) the Mongol yoke did not have a significant impact on the development of Russia.
The Mongol yoke left a heavy imprint on the history of Russia from 1237 to 1480, it slowed down the economic, political and cultural development of Russia, and was one of the main factors that determined its relative historical backwardness from the countries of Western Europe. And even after 1480, when the Mongol yoke was ended, the fight against the devastating raids of the Mongol-Tatars continued to distract the forces of the nation and the state from solving other problems. Only three hundred years later, the conquest of the Crimean Khanate under Catherine II ensured the safety of the population of the forest-steppe and steppe regions of Russia.
11 .What were the reasons for the rise of Moscow and its transformation into the center of the Russian state?
a) Moscow was the most ancient and developed center of Russia;
b) the weakness of other principalities;
c) the advantage of the geographical position, the political flexibility of the Moscow princes, the support of Moscow by the church.
The advantageous geographical position of Moscow, the flexibility of the policy of the Moscow princes, the support of Moscow by the church. Moscow occupied a central position and was protected from all sides by other principalities from external enemies. The presence of a dense river network allowed it to unite the entire region, contributed to the development of crafts, production and trade. The policy of the Moscow princes was purposeful, flexible and far-sighted. It consisted in using various methods of expanding and strengthening one’s principality: boredom of lands, diplomatic seizure with the help of the Horde, attracting princes to their side with the aim of their voluntary entry into the Moscow principality, resettlement of the population from the Moscow region to sparsely populated areas with their subsequent annexation, etc. d. In the confrontation between Russian cities for the Grand Duke's table, Moscow was supported by the Russian Orthodox Church. In 1326, the first stone Assumption Cathedral was built in Moscow, to which Metropolitan Peter moved at the invitation of Ivan Kalita. Since that time, Moscow has become the center of the metropolis.
12. What was the territory of the present Voronezh region by the time the formation of the Russian centralized state was completed?
a) it was a densely populated area with a large number of cities;
b) the territory was a "Wild Field" - a depopulated region with a completely destroyed economy;
c) these lands were subordinate to the Crimean Khan.
The Voronezh Territory was a "Wild Field" - a depopulated territory with an economy completely destroyed during the years of the Horde yoke. But even after the expulsion of the conquerors, the Crimean Tatars continued to invade Russian lands. In order to strengthen and protect the southern borders of Russia, by decree of Ivan 1U in the 50-60s. Х1У c. the construction of the Belgorod defensive line with a length of 800 km begins. Within this line, in 1586, the city of Voronezh was founded.
13 . Which Moscow prince is called the first collector of the Russian land?
a) Ivan III;
b) Dmitry Donskoy;
c) Ivan Kalita;
d) Basil III.
The first collector of the Russian land is called the Moscow prince Ivan Kalita (1325-1340). He laid the foundations for the might of the Moscow principality. Moreover, the Moscow principality expanded significantly: most of the lands of northeastern Russia were annexed to it, including the Kostroma, Pereyaslav, Rostov and Yuryev principalities. In 1327, having suppressed the uprising in Tver against the Horde, Ivan Kalita received from the khan a label on the Vladimir principality, which from now on almost never left Moscow. In relation to the Horde, the Moscow prince pursued a flexible policy: outwardly observing obedience to the khans, paying regular tribute to the Horde, he carried out the unification of Russian lands around Moscow, the restoration and growth of the economy of Russia, and accumulated strength for the upcoming struggle against the foreign yoke.
14 . Which Moscow prince completed the unification of Russian lands around Moscow?
a) Ivan III;
b) Alexander Nevsky;
c) Dmitry Donskoy;
d) Vasily III.
The prince who managed to finally complete the unification of the Russian lands around Moscow was Vasily III. He annexed to Moscow the last principalities independent of Moscow, which included Ryazan, Novgorod-Seversk, Pskov and Smolensk. During the reign of Vasily III, the territory increased by more than six times and amounted to 2800 km2. Russia included about 100 cities.
15 . What was the name of the main form of boyar feudal land use in the 15th - mid-16th centuries.
a) estate;
c) estate.
The main form of boyar feudal land tenure in the 15th-16th centuries was the estate. The votchina was a hereditary land possession, which could be taken away from the boyar only for treason to the Grand Duke. The votchina could be sold and inherited. With the stratification of the boyars, a significant part of it was dispossessed of land. Representatives of the landless boyars moved to new lands in order to serve the sovereign and receive an allotment of land. Landless boyars were given estates as a reward for service at the princely court. Hence the names "landlord" and "nobleman". The estate lands were not inherited until 1714, but could be transferred to the son only with the consent of the sovereign and on condition that the son accepted the position of his father.
16 . What were the consequences of the reforms carried out by the Chosen Rada and Ivan the Terrible in the middle of the 16th century?
a) the Russian Empire was formed;
b) decentralization of state administration was carried out;
c) there was an increase in the centralization of power in the Russian state.
Under Ivan IV the Terrible, there was an increase in the centralization of power in the Russian state. The crowning of Ivan 1U in 1547 contributed to the increase in the prestige of the central government. Previously, the khan of the Golden Horde was called the tsar. The Boyar Duma played an ever smaller role in the state.
With the help of a group of persons close to him (the Chosen Rada), Ivan IV carried out comprehensive reforms aimed at strengthening the central government. There was a system of orders - the apparatus of government. They existed until the reign of Peter I. Local government developed, the main function of which was the layout, collection and delivery of direct taxes to Moscow. Feeding was cancelled. Instead, a tax was introduced in favor of the state. This contributed to the centralization of finance. In the course of the reforms, localism was limited - the system of distribution of official places among the feudal lords, which took into account, first of all, the origin and official position of their ancestors. A permanent archery army was created - the support of the power of the tsar and the state.
In 1549, an all-estate legislative and advisory body, the Zemsky Sobor, was convened for the first time. In contrast to Western European class-representative bodies, it limited the power of the king to a much lesser extent. In the course of the church reform, uniform church holidays and a pantheon of saints were established. In 1550 a new Code of Laws was adopted. He reflected the strengthening of the serfdom of the peasants by increasing the "old".
All transformations in the middle of the XVI century. were intended to strengthen the power of the state and royal power.
17 . Which Moscow prince first promulgated written laws, called the Sudebnik?
a) Vasily the Dark;
b) Vasily III;
c) Ivan III;
d) Ivan the Terrible.
The first Moscow prince to promulgate written laws was Ivan III. In 1497, on the advice of the Boyar Duma, Ivan III published a new Sudebnik. This document legally fixed the centralization of the Russian state. 68 articles of the "Sudebnik" summarized and legally fixed the orders that are developing within the lands and principalities, as well as within the framework of a single state. Under Ivan 1U in 1550, a new Sudebnik was prepared and approved by the Zemsky Sobor and approved by the tsar. He basically retained the structure of the "Sudebnik" of 1497, but his 101 articles expanded the interpretation of many issues.
18 . Did Russia have in the second half of the 15th - mid-16th centuries. diplomatic, trade relations with countries with countries of the West and East?
a) extensive relations have been developed with a number of countries in Europe and Asia;
b) Russia was in diplomatic isolation;
c) Russia restored broken relations with the countries of the East and West and began to develop new ones.
Russia restored diplomatic and trade relations with a number of countries of the East and West and began to develop new ones. During the Horde yoke, Russia's ties with the countries of the East and West were practically interrupted (except for Novgorod). After gaining political independence, diplomatic isolation was broken, Ivan III became the first Moscow sovereign to resume relations with foreign states (Italy, Germany, Hungary, Denmark, Turkey, Iran, India). Expanded not only political, but trade and cultural ties with the countries of East and West. During this period, the interest of foreigners in Russia increased, the flow of those who came to our country exceeded the number of those leaving it. Ivan III himself married the heiress of the Byzantine throne, Sophia Paleolog.
Products of crafts, timber, hemp, furs were exported from Russia; weapons, metal, cloth were imported to Russia from the West, fabrics, porcelain, jewelry from the East. Foreign craftsmen were used in mining, foundry, weapons, and construction. Since 1584, a sea route was opened from Arkhangelsk through the White Sea to England, which satisfied the interests of both countries.
Ivan IV had personal correspondence with the heads of many states: with the emperors of the "Holy Roman Empire" Charles W and Ferdinand 1, with the English Queen Elizabeth 1, with the kings of Poland Sigismund Vasa and Stefan Batory, with the kings of Denmark, Sweden, with the khans of Kazan, Astrakhan, Crimea.
19. Choose the correct chronological order of the change of candidates for the Russian throne during the Time of Troubles (1598 - 1613):
a) Fyodor Godunov, False Dmitry 1, Vladislav, False Dmitry P, Boris Godunov, Vasily Shuisky;
b) False Dmitry I, Boris Godunov, Fyodor Godunov, False Dmitry P, Vladislav, Vasily Shuisky;
c) Boris Godunov, Fyodor Godunov, False Dmitry I, Vasily Shuisky, False Dmitry P, Vladislav.
20. Why did the Zemsky Sobor in 1613 elect Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov to the Russian throne?
a) the boyars wanted a strong king;
b) it was a compromise between different political camps in Russian society;
The election of Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov was the result of a compromise between different political camps in Russian society. After the Troubles, the country needed a government of social reconciliation. The candidacy of the Romanov family suited various strata and classes. For the boyars, the Romanovs were of their origin. In addition, they believed that the young and narrow-minded Mikhail would be "common" to them. Those who were close to the oprichnina court and those who suffered from the oprichnina did not object to the Romanovs, since the Romanovs were among those and others. Filaret, the father of the future monarch, was supported by the supporters of False Dmitry I, because. the impostor - Grigory Otrepyev - was the serf of Fyodor Romanov. The supporters of Vasily Shuisky could not be against either, because. under him, Filaret participated in the ceremony of transferring the relics of the innocently murdered Tsarevich Dmitry. And for the main opponents of Vasily Shuisky - the Tushino Cossacks - Filaret was his own, because. "Tushino" thief (False Dmitry P) called him patriarch.
21 . When did the formation of absolutism in Russia begin?
a) under Ivan III;
b) under Ivan IV;
c) under Mikhail Fedorovich;
d) under Alexei Mikhailovich;
e) under Peter I.
The beginning of the formation of absolutism in Russia is attributed to the reign of Alexei Mikhailovich, i.e. to the second half of the 17th century. This was expressed in the decline in the role of institutions characteristic of a class-representative monarchy - the Boyar Duma and Zemsky Sobors, as well as in the victory of secular power over church power (the case of Patriarch Nikon). Absolutism in Russia was formed on the basis of the undivided domination of the feudal-serf system. During the years of exacerbation of social contradictions, all sections of the ruling class rallied around the tsar, which contributed to the strengthening of autocracy and the centralization of government.
The theoretical postulates of autocracy were reinforced by the Council Code of 1649, two chapters of which were devoted to maintaining the prestige of royal power. Under Alexei Mikhailovich, the royal title changed. Instead of the former “sovereign, tsar and grand prince of all Russia”, after the reunification of Ukraine with Russia, it began to sound like this: “By the grace of God, the great sovereign, tsar and grand prince of all Great and Small and White Russia is an autocrat.”
22. How can one characterize the state policy after the Time of Troubles?
a) as liberal;
b) as conservative;
c) as democratic.
After the Troubles, the conservative trend won. None of the alternatives to the Time of Troubles took place. Society was incredibly tired of the political struggle that lasted a decade and a half and strove for the traditional order, for the familiar antiquity. The first Romanovs were able to provide this: Mikhail Fedorovich, Alexei Mikhailovich, Fedor Alekseevich. After the Troubles, it was necessary to almost rebuild the state, to restore the borders. This required a strong central authority, the bearer of which was the king. All actions of the authorities were carried out on behalf of the king and by his decree. Already the first tsar from the Romanov dynasty, chosen by the Zemsky Sobor in 1613, no conditions were set. Power acquired an autocratic-legitimate character.
23. What is a "protectionist policy"?
a) patronage of the monarch to random people and their nomination to court and government positions not on the principle of “state benefit”, but on the basis of qualities that attract the monarch himself (personal devotion, physical beauty, etc .;
b) the economic policy of the state aimed at supporting the national economy.
"Protectionism" - the economic policy of the state, is carried out with the help of trade and industrial barriers that protect the domestic market from the import of foreign goods. The financial encouragement of the national economy is characteristic. First appears in Russia under Peter 1. A number of decrees until 1717. - transfer to merchants on preferential terms of state-owned factories. After 1717 - the state's refusal of the monopoly on the sale of popular goods abroad; the release of the owners of manufactories from service; 1721 - granting the owners of manufactories the right to purchase enterprises; 1722 - a decree on the right of manufacturers not to return fugitives who have mastered the craft to the landowners. The pinnacle of the policy of protectionism is the customs tariff of 1724: the amount of duties levied on foreign goods began to depend on the ability of domestic enterprises to meet the needs of the domestic market (the more goods Russian manufactories produce, the higher duties are levied on the same goods imported due to boundaries).
24. Thanks to what document did people from the “vile” estates count on receiving a title of nobility in Russia?
a) "Charter to the nobility";
b) the General Regulations;
c) "Tables of Ranks";
d) the statute of the Chief Magistrate;
e) the Council Code of 1649
Thanks to the "Table of Ranks". Adopted in 1722. Introduced a new order of service. The career ladder consisted of 14 steps, or ranks - from field marshal and admiral general or chancellor to warrant officer or collegiate registrar. Receiving rank 14 gave personal nobility, 8 - hereditary.
25. What were the orders of the 16th-17th centuries replaced by?
a) ministries
b) Supreme Privy Council;
c) colleges;
d) State Council;
e) by the Council of Ministers.
Colleges. Collegiums were introduced by the government of Peter 1 in order to delimit functions between departments. Subordinated to the emperor and the Senate. 1717 - 1721 - states were established, presidents were appointed and the functions of 12 colleges were defined: the Collegium of Foreign Affairs, the Military Collegium, the Admiralty Collegium, the Collegium of Chambers, the Staff-office Collegium (public expenditure management), the Audit Collegium (controlling the spending of budget funds in the center and on the ground), the Berg Collegium, the Manufactory Collegium (management of industry), the Collegium of Commerce, the Patronage Collegium and the Chief Magistrate (management of city magistrates). Each board consisted of a presence (president, vice president, 4 advisers, 4 assessors and a secretary) and a staff (officials and clerks). The collegium had a fiscal (later a prosecutor) who controlled its activities. In the 80s. XVIII century the State Offices, Revision, and Justice Colleges were abolished. The rest were preserved until the beginning of the 19th century. and were replaced by ministries of Alexander I.
26. In 1719, a museum and a library attached to it were opened for free visiting in St. Petersburg. What was his name?
a) the Hermitage;
b) Artillery Museum;
c) Kunstkamera;
d) Russian Museum;
e) Naval Museum.
The cheat sheet in a short and convenient form provides answers to all the main questions provided for by the state educational standard and the curriculum for the discipline "National History".
The book will allow you to quickly gain basic knowledge of the subject, repeat the material covered, as well as prepare well and successfully pass the test and exam.
NATIONAL HISTORY
Crib
1. HISTORY OF THE FATHERLAND AS A SCIENCE. SUBJECT, FUNCTIONS AND PRINCIPLES OF STUDY
Subject of study Patriotic history are patterns of political and socio-economic development of the Russian state and society as part of the global process of human history. The history of Russia examines socio-political processes, the activities of various political forces, the development of political systems and state structures.
The following functions of historical knowledge:
1) cognitive, intellectual development- proceeds from the knowledge of the historical process as a social branch of scientific knowledge, the identification of the main trends in the social development of history and, as a result, the theoretical generalization of historical facts;
3) ideological- in the study of history, to a large extent determines the formation of a scientific worldview. This happens because history, relying on various sources, provides documented accurate data about the events of the past. People turn to the past in order to better understand modern life, the trends inherent in it. Thus, knowledge of history equips people with an understanding of the historical perspective.
4) educational- consists in the fact that knowledge of history actively forms the civic qualities of the individual, allows you to understand the advantages and disadvantages of the modern social system.
Principles scientific research stories:
1. The principle of objectivity obliges to consider historical reality regardless of the desires, aspirations, attitudes and predilections of the subject. First of all, it is necessary to study the objective patterns that determine the processes of socio-political development. To do this, one should rely on the facts in their true content, as well as consider each phenomenon in its versatility and inconsistency.
2. The principle of historicism states that any historical phenomenon should be studied from the point of view of where, when and why this phenomenon arose, how it was at the beginning, how it then developed, what path it went through, what assessments were given to it at one stage or another of development, what can be said about his prospects. The principle of historicism requires that any student of history should not become a judge in the evaluation of historical and political events.
3. Under principle of social approach understand the manifestation of certain social and class interests, the entire sum of social class relations. It should be emphasized that the principle of a social approach to history is especially necessary and essential in assessing the programs and real activities of political parties and movements, as well as their leaders and functionaries.
4. The principle of comprehensive study of history implies the need not only for the completeness and reliability of information, but also for taking into account all aspects and relationships that affect the political sphere of society.
2. METHODS AND SOURCES FOR STUDYING THE HISTORY OF RUSSIA Methods for studying history:
1) chronological- consists in the fact that the phenomena of history are studied strictly in temporal (chronological) order. It is used in compiling chronicles of events, biographies;
3) problem-chronological- is used in the study of any one aspect of the activities of the state, society, politician in its consistent development. This approach makes it possible to more fully trace the logic of the development of the problem, as well as to extract practical experience most effectively;
4) periodization- is based on the fact that both society as a whole and any of its constituent parts go through various stages of development, separated from each other by qualitative boundaries. The main thing in periodization is the establishment of clear criteria, their strict and consistent application in the study and research;
5) comparative historical- is based on the recognition of a certain recurrence of historical events in world history. Its essence is to compare them to establish both common patterns and differences;
6) retrospective- is based on the fact that past, present and future societies are closely interconnected. This makes it possible to recreate a picture of the past even in the absence of all sources relating to the time under study;
7) statistical- consists in the study of important aspects of the life and activities of the state, a quantitative analysis of many homogeneous facts, each of which individually is not of great importance, while in the aggregate they determine the transition of quantitative changes into qualitative ones;
8) sociological research used in contemporary studies. It makes it possible to study phenomena in the main political history. Among the techniques of this method are questionnaires, surveys, interviews, etc.
Sources for studying national history very significant and complex. The exact boundaries of the range of sources do not seem to exist due to the integrity and indivisibility of the historical process, the interconnectedness of people's activities at various stages of historical and political development. Approximate source classification: 1) archaeological sources; 2) annals and chronicles; 3) ethnographic sources; 4) archival documents; 5) documents of state bodies and public organizations of the Russian state; 6) documents of political parties and movements of Russia; 7) works of statesmen and public figures of Russia; 8) periodicals; 9) memoir literature; 10) museum documents; 11) photo, phono and film documents; 12) electronic media.
3. THE PROBLEM OF THE EASTERN SLAVES ETHNOGENESIS
Ethnogenesis- the whole process of existence and development of the ethnic system from the moment of its emergence to its disappearance.
A significant number of archaeological sites of the Stone Age have been discovered on the territory of Russia. According to scientists, the Slavs could belong to the Indo-European peoples, the formation of a linguistic community of which took place on the Iranian plateau and in Western Asia in the 6th-5th millennium BC. e. In addition, it is believed that the Slavs as a species formed on the territory of Eastern Europe in the 4th-2nd millennium BC. e. They inhabited the forest areas between the Oder and the middle Dnieper, from the Baltic Sea to the Dniester. The main branches of their economy were agriculture and cattle breeding. The most famous monument of the Slavic proto-civilization is the Trypillian archaeological culture, covering the space from South-Eastern Transylvania to the Dnieper.
In the middle of the first millennium BC. e. iron began to spread among the Slavs. The gradual decomposition of the tribal system belongs to the same period. It was then that the everyday, religious and cultural features of the Slavic tribes clearly stood out in comparison with other Indo-European peoples, which allows us to conclude that the formation in the 1st millennium BC. e. Slavic pracivilization. Around this time, a single Slavic community was divided into three branches: eastern (future Belarusian, Russian and Ukrainian peoples), western (Poles, Czechs, Slovaks, etc.) and southern (Bulgarians, Serbs, Croats, etc.).
In the II century. n. e. the Germanic tribes of the Goths came to the northern Black Sea region from the lower reaches of the Vistula. Under their leadership, a military-tribal union was formed here, which also included part of the Slavic tribes. From the end of the 4th century the tribes of Eastern Europe were involved in major migration processes - the so-called Great Migration of Peoples. The Turkic nomads, the Huns, who invaded from Asia, defeated the Goths, and the latter went to Central and Western Europe. During the V-VIII centuries. Slavs settled vast areas in Eastern, Central and South-Eastern Europe. By this period, the territory of settlement of the Eastern Slavs was determined by the following boundaries: in the north - the Volkhov River, in the south - the Dniester River, in the west - the Western Bug River, in the east - the Volga River. It was at this time that an original East Slavic civilization developed, characterized by a common economic structure, a socio-political structure in the form of military democracy, common features of behavior, rituals, etc.
Topic 1. Methodology and theory of historical science. Russia in the world historical process.
The subject of history as a science, the purpose and objectives of its study, the functions of historical knowledge; Methods and sources of the study of history; problems of historical knowledge. Formational and civilizational approaches to history are their essence. Historical types of civilizations. Character traits Eastern and European civilizations. Meaning of the East-West dichotomy. The history of Russia is an integral part of world history.
Topic 2. Place of the Middle Ages in the world-historical process. History of Russia from ancient times to the end of the 17th century. The main stages of the formation of statehood.
Discussions about the chronological boundary of antiquity and the Middle Ages. The content of the concept of "Middle Ages"; origin of the Slavs. Early political associations of the Eastern Slavs. The process of formation of Old Russian statehood and its main stages. The role of Norman influence. Modern interpretations of the "Norman question" ("Normanism"). The problem of the political and cultural influence of Byzantium on the development of ancient Russia. The role of Orthodoxy in the formation of Russian medieval society. Russia period of feudal fragmentation. Russia and Horde. North-Eastern Russia between the Crusaders and the Horde. Alexander Nevsky and his foreign policy priorities; the formation of the Moscow principality and the reasons for its rise. The beginning of the unification of Russian lands around Moscow. The beginning of the formation of the estate system of organization of society, its evolution, the formation of autocracy; Moscow state at the beginning of the 16th century. Features of the socio-political structure. The beginning of the reign of Ivan IV. Reforms of the "Chosen One" and their evaluation. Oprichnina its causes and consequences. Time of Troubles in the history of Russia: causes, essence, manifestations, results. The main directions of political and socio-economic development of the country in the XVII century. Strengthening the centralization of the state, new phenomena in the economic life of the country.
Topic 3. World history transition to a new time. XVIII century in Western European and Russian history: modernization and enlightenment, features of Russian modernization.
The theory of modernization. Technological changes in society and new phenomena in economic life. European Enlightenment; enlightenment ideas. Beginning of modernization and Europeanization of Russia. The objective need for change. Imperial modernization, its features. Social, economic and cultural reforms of Perth I: content, nature, relationship, consequences. Russia in the era of Catherine II. "Enlightened absolutism" in Russia, its features. Attempts to regulate social relations and legislative activities. "Instruction" of Catherine II - the legal justification for enlightened absolutism. The work of the Legislative Commission. The development of social thought in Russia in the XVIII century. Russian enlighteners.
Topic 4. The main trends in the development of world history in the XIX century. Russian Empire in the 19th century. Problems of modernization of the country.
19th century in world history. Formation of an industrial society. Formation of civil society and the rule of law. Russia in the first half of the 19th century. Conservative and liberal trends in the public life of the country. The first reforms of the XIX century, the difficulties and contradictions of their implementation. Activities of M. Speransky. Patriotic War of 1812. Change of course in the early 20s: causes and consequences. Revolutionary tendencies: ideas and political practice of Decembrism. Ideological struggle of the 30s-50s of the XIX century. The theory of official nationality. Westerners are Slavophiles. AI Herzen and the theory of "Russian socialism". Prerequisites for the liquidation of serfdom. Manifesto and position on February 17, 1861: the main provisions, the purpose and nature of the reform, its inconsistency and half-heartedness, the liberal reforms of the 60s and 70s; their role in the democratization of the country in connection to the pan-European process of creating civilized forms of statehood. Results and consequences of the reforms of the 60s - 70s. Features of the post-reform development of Russia. The beginning of the stage of capitalist modernization of the country. Catch-up modernization. Capitalization of the Russian economy and its specificity. The role of the state in the country's economy. S. Yu. Witte and his role in the implementation of emerging capitalism. Socio-political struggle around the problem of historical choice. Russian communal socialism. Populism and its evolution. Marxism and its spread in Russia. The emergence of Russian social democracy. Features of the first political parties. Russia and the world at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries: uneven and inconsistent development. Exacerbation of the problem of division of spheres of influence and redivision of the world. Military-political union in Europe. Russia and the countries of the Triple Alliance and the Entente. Aggravation of the autocracy crisis at the turn of the century.
Topic 5. Place of the XX century in the world-historical process. Russia at the beginning of the century: revolution or reform?
Russia at the beginning of the 20th century. Contradictions and crisis of the Russian version of capitalist modernization at the beginning of the century. Bourgeois-democratic revolution in Russia (1905 - 1907). And its consequences. Political struggle in the State Duma and its impact on society. Russia after the revolution Stolypin's reforms, their essence, results, consequences. Causes and nature of the First World War. Russia in the system of international relations in the prewar years. Coalition confrontation. The course of hostilities. The growing split of Russian society, the socio-political crisis in the country, the forms of its manifestation. February revolution and its results. The problem of historical choice after February.
Topic 6. Socio-economic and political development of the country in the first decade of Soviet power.
Revolution of 1917. The Bolshevik Party is in power. The doctrine of the world proletarian revolution. Brest peace. The formation of the Bolshevik regime: the transition to strict forms of emergency dictatorship, strengthening the role of state enforcement agencies. The struggle around the constituent assembly and its dispersal. The first socio-economic transformations of the new government. "Red Guard attack" on capital. Civil war in Russia, its stages. War communism: politics, ideology, practice. Transition from emergency to totalitarianism. The crisis of the Bolshevik power system in late 1920 - early 1921. The objective need to change the strategic course. Transition to NEP, its concept. Development of the country on the path of the NEP: difficulties, main contradictions. The ideological and political struggle in the party in the 20s, the victory of the supporters of I.V. Stalin, the establishment of a regime of personal power.
Topic 7. Soviet society in the 30s.
Course towards the construction of socialism. The need to create an industrial structure of the economy in the USSR. Strategy of forced development. Forced industrialization. Rigid centralization of economic management, administrative control, turning off market levers. Collectivization of peasant farms. The liquidation of the kulaks. The political system of the 30s. The origins and essence of totalitarianism, the fusion of the party and the state. The introduction of the cult of personality. Mass terror. Results of the economic and political development of the USSR by the end of the 1930s. International relations on the eve of the Second World War.
Topic 8. Second World War and the Great Patriotic War of the Soviet people. Post-war world 1945-1953.
Unleashing the Second World War. USSR in the conditions of the outbreak of war. The Great Patriotic War: beginning, character, goals, main periods, events. Soviet totalitarian system and society during the war years. historical
the role of the USSR in the defeat of fascism. Results of the Second World War and the Great Patriotic War. The price of victory. The new alignment of political forces in the world after the end of the Second World War. Polarization of the post-war world. "Cold War" as a form of interstate confrontation. Alternatives of post-war development. Post-war economy: main problems. Strengthening the "Cult of Personality". A new wave of repressions in the second half of the 40s-50s.
Topic 9. Soviet society in the 50s-80s. Attempts at liberalization and the global crisis.
Scientific and technological revolution and its influence on the course of social development. USSR in the mid-60s-80s: the growth of crisis phenomena. Social policy, foreign policy of the USSR. 1964 coup. Economic reform of the mid-60s and its failures. Crisis of the Soviet industrial system. The contradictions of the socio-economic and socio-political development of Soviet society. The emergence and development of the dissident human rights movement. USSR in the system of international relations in the 70s - 80s.
Topic 10. System restructuring. Changing the model of social development.
Soviet Union 1985-1991 The USSR is on the way to a radical reform of the socio-economic development of society. The concept of restructuring. Publicity. The beginning of "radical economic reform". Reform of the political system. Philosophy of "new thinking". The failure of attempts to reform socialism. The reason for the failure of the restructuring. Search for new solutions. August events and their political consequences. Belavezha agreements. The beginning of radical liberal modernization. The course towards the formation of a new system of ownership. Beginning of a new stage of reforms: concept, results. Economic and social price for the “shock version of modernization. The crisis of power and its resolution in October 1993. The victory of the president, the decision to strengthen the power structures. Constitution, transition to a presidential republic. Socio-economic modernization, culture and modernity, the spiritual state of the society of the period, foreign policy activity in the new geopolitical situation (1993-1999)
____________________
Note. This program (the content of the discipline) was offered to students
until 2007.
TESTS in the discipline "National History".
1. Determine which period of the Middle Ages:
a) early middle ages;
b) the classical Middle Ages;
c) late middle ages
correspond to the following forms of feudal statehood:
a) absolute monarchy; in
b) early feudal monarchy; a
c) centralized monarchy with estate representation b
2. Put the following events in historical order:
a) Battle of Kulikovo;
b) the baptism of Russia;
c) the overthrow of the Mongol-Tatar yoke:
d) the emergence of Kievan Rus;
match them with the corresponding date:
a) 988; b
b) 1327;
c) 1480
d) 1380; a
e) 882; G
f) 911;
g) 1097;
h) 1223;
i) 1240
and with the name of the prince under which this event took place:
a) Ivan Kalita;
b) Oleg; G
c) Ivan III
d) Dmitry Donskoy; a
e) Saint Vladimir b
3. Arrange in chronological order the following historical actions and events:
a) Trouble; 3
b) Oprichnina; 2
c) reforms of the Chosen One; one
d) the actions of the first tsars of the Romanov dynasty to strengthen
royalty 4
4. Define activities meaning:
a) pursuing a policy of mercantilism;
b) the creation of a centralized
administrative system
assertions of absolutism;
c) the implementation of the policy of enlightened absolutism;
1. Decree on uniform inheritance,
2. Introduction of the poll tax.
3. State monopoly on a part of goods, certificates a
4. Convocation of the Legislative Commission. in
5. Establishment of manufactories. a
6. Strengthening the jurisdiction of merchants. a
7. Establishment of a system of colleges. b
8. Introduction of recruitment duty. b
9. Complaint to the nobility. in
10. Manifesto February 19, 1861.
11. Establishment of the Holy Synod. b
12. Introduction of the title of emperor. b
5. Match dates and events:
a) 1775-1783
6)1767
c) 1789- 1794
d) 1721
e) 1785
1. The Great French Revolution in
2. Letter of commendation to the nobility d
3. Convocation of the Legislative Commission. b
4. War of Independence in North America. a
5. Proclamation of Russia as an empire. G
6. Determine the common features characteristic of the modernizations carried out by Peter I and Alexander II:
a) the reforms were aimed at solving the problems of military-political expansion, defense against external enemies, maintaining the status of a great power; V
b) the purpose of modernization was to increase the people's well-being and stimulate people's initiative;
c) the transformations set the task of creating a civil society;
d) reforms were carried out "from above"; V
e) the broad masses of the people were the social support of the modernizers;
f) as a result of the reforms, serfdom was strengthened;
g) the result of the reforms was the creation of a wide layer of private owners;
h) reforms meant the establishment of an industrial society in Russia;
i) the reforms were carried out at the initiative of the ruling stratum, which was not interested in a radical transformation of all spheres of public life. V
7. Identify steps to reform the country related to naming:
a) Alexander II; b, d, f
b) SU. Witte; a, c, h
c) A.P. Stolypin. d, e, i.
Answer set:
a) steps aimed at making the structure of industry heavier (industrialization);
b) the abolition of serfdom in Russia;
c) financial reform, ensuring the country's transition to gold circulation;
d) judicial and zemstvo reforms;
e) a course towards the destruction of the peasant community and the transfer of land allotments into the personal property of the peasants;
f) mass resettlement of peasants beyond the Urals;
g) military, urban reforms;
h) the use of foreign loans, raising the issue of switching to foreign direct investment, the introduction of a series of indirect taxes;
i) preparation of decisions on freedom of religion, inviolability of the person, on state insurance of workers, on the reform of local self-government, on the reform of the education system.
8. Determine the political currents of the second half of XIX- the beginning of the XX century.
a) conservatives b, h.
b) liberals; c, f, m
c) revolutionary populists; a, d, l.
d) Marxists d, f, c.
which could express the following views, ideas, requirements:
a) a view of the communal organization, which combines personal interests with the social character of production, as the starting point of the future socialist system;
b) adherence to the formula "Orthodoxy, autocracy, nationality";
c) orientation to the Western path of development, common European civic values;
d) the assertion that capitalism is a necessary stage in the evolution of mankind, while socialism is the result of a revolutionary struggle
the proletariat;
e) the desire to protect the people, admiration for the people, awareness of the "guilt" and "unrequited" debt of the educated strata of society to the people;
f) the assertion that the ultimate goal of the revolutionary struggle is the establishment of the dictatorship of the proletariat and the building of socialism;
g) protection of the idea of the absolute value of the human person, the legal order, the priority of law over political power;
h) upholding the inviolability of the estate-monarchist system;
i) the demand for freedom of conscience, publicity, independence of the court, freedom of manifestation of private initiative;
j) defense of the thesis about the working class as the main transforming force of society;
k) the possibility of non-capitalist development of Russia from the peasant community to socialism;
l) an attempt to find a middle path of development between reaction and revolution.
9. Using the concepts below, determine what was
1) the same a, d, e, h.
2) different b, c, f, g.
in the first Russian revolution of 1905-1907. and the February Revolution of 1917?
a) the nature of the revolution;
b) the depth of economic difficulties and the degree of opposition to the mood before the revolution;
c) the degree of discrediting the ruling regime on the eve of the revolution;
d) the driving forces of the revolution;
e) the main goals of the revolution;
f) resolving the issue of power in the course of the revolution;
g) the duration of the revolution;
h) the ability of workers to rapid political self-organization.
10. Select from the following decisions, actions, signs, those that characterize:
a) "emergency"; 2,3,6,
b) military "totalitarianism". 1,4,5,7.
1) the decision of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee on the transformation of the Soviet Republic into a single military camp;
2) mass terror as the physical destruction of opponents, intimidation of the population;
3) uncontrollability of combos;
4) creation of the Council of Workers' and Peasants' Defense;
5) renunciation of terror against the masses;
6) emergency bodies that acted outside the law, using special powers and dictatorial methods;
7) limiting the actions of the governing bodies within the framework of revolutionary legality.
11. Place in historical order the following
models of building socialism:
a) NEP; 2 (c, d, f, l)
b) accelerated development strategy; 3 (a, e, h, k)
c) war communism. 1 (b, f, i, m)
Match them with their corresponding economic measures:
a) "whipping the country" by administrative-mandatory methods;
b) the introduction of universal labor service;
c) permission of free trade;
d) admittance to the economy of capitalist elements while maintaining commanding economic heights in the hands of the state;
e) complete collectivization in the grain-growing regions of the country;
f) the elimination of commodity-money relations, the introduction of direct product exchange;
g) the establishment of a fixed tax in kind from peasant farms;
h) widespread use of forced labor;
i) the introduction of an equalizing system for the distribution of foodstuffs and consumer goods;
j) liquidation of the kulaks as a class in the grain-producing regions of the country;
k) transfer of state enterprises to self-financing;
l) conducting a total nationalization of industry and trade.
12. The emergence of the state among the Eastern Slavs refers to the next period of the Middle Ages ...
a) the early Middle Ages; V
b) the classical Middle Ages;
c) late middle ages
d) renaissance
13. "The Tale of Bygone Years" links the origin of the ruling dynasty
in Russia with...
a) Askold;
b) Dirom;
c) Rurik. V
d) Rogvolod.
14. In his policy towards the Horde conquerors, Alexander Nevsky believed that it was necessary ...
a) provide the Horde with immediate armed resistance and ensure independence by force of arms;
b) recognize dependence on the Horde khans, given the danger posed by the northwestern neighbors of Russia, and gradually build up strength. V
c) defended his personal interests, in strengthening personal power and enrichment.
d) adhered to a neutral position, balancing between the Horde and the ruling elite.
15. During the formation of the Russian centralized state
appears and is becoming more widespread
a form of feudal landownership...
a) estate;
b) an estate; V
c) public lands.
d) allotments
16. The first bearer of the royal title in Russia was ...
a) Ivan III; V
b) Vasily III;
c) Ivan IV;
d) Peter I.
17 . A new phenomenon in the economic life of the country in the XVII century. became...
a) the emergence of feudal landownership;
b) the development of new territories by the Russian peasantry;
c) the formation of the all-Russian market, the emergence of manufactories. V
d) strengthening and centralization of power
18. One of the reasons for the reforms of Peter I was the desire of the king ...
a) create a rule of law state in Russia;
b) establish capitalist relations;
c) promote Russia to the ranks of the great powers. V
d) all of the above
19. Changes in the public consciousness of Russia in the XVIII - first half
19th century wine were associated with the dissemination of ideas ...
a) Renaissance;
b) Reformation;
c) Enlightenment. V
d) Late Middle Ages
20. P. Pestel in Russkaya Pravda wrote that...
a) Russia will be a constitutional monarchy with a People's Council, a State Council;
b) Russia will be a republic with a People's Council, a Sovereign Duma, and a Supreme Council. V
c) an absolute monarchy
d) a constitutional monarchy with a Sovereign Duma
21. The theory of peasant communal socialism was first substantiated ...
a) SRs;
b) A. I. Herzeny; V
c) Slavophiles.
d) the Bolsheviks
e) the Mensheviks
22. Broad public support for the reforms of the 60s. 19th century was
secured thanks to...
a) the uprising of the Decembrists;
b) dissemination in the society of the values of the theory of "official nationality";
c) the activities of representatives of public thought in Russia in the 1930s and 1940s. 19th century V d) all of the above
23. In the 70s of the XIX century. there were such organizations of populists ...
a) "Union of Salvation", "Union of Prosperity", "Northern" and "Southern" societies;
b) "Land and Freedom", "Black Repartition", "Narodnaya Volya"; V
c) "Emancipation of Labour", "Union of Struggle for the Emancipation of the Working Class".
d) "Union of Salvation", "Narodnaya Volya";
24. The main goal of the agrarian policy of P.A. Stolypin was ...
a) Strengthening traditional village structures that help
the peasant to survive in the conditions of planting capitalism from above
and the industrial system, the ruin of the countryside;
b) creating a labor market for the developing Russian
industry;
c) the creation of a broad layer of peasant farmers, the expansion of the social support of the autocracy in the countryside. V
d) Russia's transition from the agrarian sector of the economy to the industrial one.
25. The circumstance that testified to the collapse of the June 3rd political system was ...
a) the murder of P.A. Stolypin in September 1911;
b) the formation of the Progressive Bloc in the Duma in August 1915; V
c) the February Revolution of 1917.
d) revolution of 1905
26. Activities used by Western countries in the years
World War I and state coercion
regulation of economic relations were ...
a) restriction of private property and the market, control of exchange and prices, rationing of the distribution of raw materials and consumption of people; V
b) centralization of economic life, deprivation of the enterprise
independence, managing the economy with the help of orders,
directives, the power of the party-state bureaucracy;
c) surplus appropriation, nationalization of industry and transport,
transition to direct commodity exchange, regulated by the state,
egalitarian distribution system, the introduction of a universal
labor duty.
d) all of the above
27. A number of historians believe that the alternative to the October Revolution of 1917 was the so-called "third way" - the achievement of civil accord through the creation of a coalition ...
a) Mensheviks, Socialist-Revolutionaries, Cadets; V
b) Mensheviks, Socialist-Revolutionaries, Bolsheviks;
c) Left Social Revolutionaries and Bolsheviks.
d) Left Socialist-Revolutionaries and Bolsheviks, Mensheviks.
28. The "Red Guard attack on capital", undertaken by the Bolsheviks in 1917-1918, meant ...
a) accelerated nationalization of large, medium and small enterprises; V
b) the beginning of mass repressions against the bourgeoisie;
c) "export" of the world revolution.
d) all of the above
29. An attempt by right-wing socialist forces to act during the years of civil
war under the banner of "pure democracy" was doomed because...
a) Socialist-Revolutionaries and Mensheviks only covered up their true goals
(the conquest of power) by democratic slogans;
b) in a civil war, the choice is strictly determined and
acting as a third force is futile;
c) the Socialist-Revolutionaries and Mensheviks already in the preceding period of the revolution lost the support of the broad masses of the people. V
d) all of the above
30. Further continuation of the policy of "war communism" and
delaying the introduction of the NEP would lead ...
a) to get out of the economic crisis and directly
transition to communist relations;
b) to strengthen the dictatorship of the proletariat;
c) to the collapse of the Bolshevik regime. V
d) bleeding the economy of intervention and civil war.
31. The establishment of a totalitarian regime in the USSR in the 1930s was connected with...
a) with the search by the leadership of the country for a modernization strategy for
the basis of market relations;
b) using such a socialist mobilization
a model that provided for the democratic practice of forming public opinion, carrying out relevant decisions through the mechanisms of power;
c) with the adoption of a strategy of accelerated development, which required a sharp increase in state intervention in the life of society, the widespread use of administrative-command control levers. V
d) with strict centralization of power and widespread use of administrative and command levers of control
32. Famine in the USSR in 1932-1933. was called...
a) excessive seizure of grain from the collective farms of grain regions in the course of agricultural procurement, an increase in the export of grain abroad for the purchase of industrial equipment; V
b) an increase in funds for the development of health care,
educational revolution;
c) an increase in funds for the implementation of a wide range of
social rights of workers and employees proclaimed in the country in
30s.
d) all of the above
33. One of the reasons for failure Soviet army at the beginning of the Great Patriotic War, this ...
a) the indecisiveness of the border garrisons, who failed to provide worthy resistance to the enemy;
b) the betrayal of General A. A. Vlasov, who surrendered his army to the enemy;
c) the incompetence of I. V. Stalin and the indecision of the high command. V
d) previously signed agreements with the German side.
34. A radical turning point in the course of the Second World War and the Great Patriotic War occurred ...
a) September 1, 1939 - June 22, 1941;
b) 1944-May 1945;
c) November 19, 1942 - 1943 V
d) August 30, 1942 - 1944
35. After the end of the Second World War, there were changes in international relations and the transition from the anti-fascist coalition to the "cold war" because ...
a) the war against fascism intensified ideological differences between countries;
b) the war with fascism increased mutual rejection of each other
opposite systems;
c) the disappearance of the common threat of fascism contributed to the growth of the contradictions inherent in the anti-Hitler coalition and a new split into opposing blocs. V
d) all of the above.
36. Our country returned to the pre-war model of the economy of the 30s because ...
a) there were no forces in the country that raised the question of the need to reorganize the economic management system; V
b) idealization of the pre-war past dominated in society;
c) the pre-war model of the economy proved its high mobilization potential.
d) this is due to the incompetence of the party's board.
37. N.S. Khrushchev decided to expose the "cult of personality"
Stalin because...
a) wanted to strengthen his position in the struggle for power, to earn "political capital";
b) sincerely wanted to correct Stalin's "mistakes", to eliminate some "deformations" that were generally not characteristic of socialism; V
c) he himself suffered because of Stalin's cruelty and had his own personal scores with him.
d) decided to put the country on the path of liberalization and modernization.
38. L. I. Brezhnev continued to remain in power for a long time because ...
a) rejected numerous proposals to resign;
b) was a symbol of the power, prosperity and authority of the USSR, and the people did not want another leader;
c) was very convenient for the higher partocracy as a harmless and faceless manager of the country. V
d) pursued a competent foreign and domestic policy.
39. The transition to the "liberal revolution", to the course of intensive
formation of market relations, formation of a new system
property started...
a) since April 1985, when the concept of acceleration was put forward
socio-economic development of the country;
b) since 1987, when the economic reform began,
aimed at expanding the boundaries of independence
enterprises, their transfer to self-financing and self-financing;
c) from January 1992, when free prices were introduced, trade liberalization took place, privatization began. V
d) since the events of 1993
40. "New Russians" is...
a) former communists who converted to Orthodoxy;
b) entrepreneurs, a new class of modern Russian society; V
c) political emigrants who returned to Russia.
d) people engaged in shadow business.
41. In modern Russia, which is in conditions of strategic instability, ...
a) movement towards a developing country of the "third world";
b) global strengthening of the welfare state through its improvement;
c) the process of changing the model of social development, the creation of a "mixed type" state, the stage of the transition period to capitalism with Russian specifics. V
d) all of the above.
42. What is the name of the most complete of the sources covering the history of Ancient Russia?
a) Novgorod First Chronicle;
b) "The Tale of Bygone Years"; V
c) Ostromir Gospel.
43. Which of the following principles is applied in the study of Patriotic history?
a) the principle of large numbers;
b) the principle of alternativeness; V
c) the principle of balance.
44. What is the science that helps to better study history?
a) architectonics;
b) archaeography; V
c) biogeography
45. What linguistic community do the Slavs belong to?
a) Turkic;
b) Indo-European; V
c) Ural.
46. Is there a relationship (and what) between the method of agriculture and the social development of the Eastern Slavs of the 8th-9th centuries?
a) there is no relationship;
b) slashing method - more progressive;
c) more progressive arable farming. V
47. The authors of what historical theory are German scientists of the 18th century G.Z. Bayer and G.F. Miller?
a) Norman V
b) German;
c) East Slavic;
d) Baltic.
48. Why did Kyiv become the main political center of the Old Russian state?
a) Kyiv was in the geographical center of the Old Russian state;
b) Kyiv was the religious center of the Slavic tribes;
c) Kyiv was the most ancient political and cultural center of the Eastern Slavs, it occupied an extremely advantageous military-strategic position. V
49. Why did Christianity become the state religion of Ancient Russia under Vladimir I Svyatoslavich?
a) Vladimir Svyatoslavich was fascinated by the beauty of the service in Christian churches;
b) accepting Christianity, Vladimir Svyatoslavich was primarily guided by the state interests of Russia; V
c) Vladimir Svyatoslavich miraculously came to believe in Christian religious truths.
50. What were the reasons for the rise of Moscow and its transformation into the center of the Russian state?
a) Moscow was the most ancient and developed center of Russia;
b) the weakness of other principalities;
c) the advantage of the geographical position, the political flexibility of the Moscow princes, the support of Moscow by the church. V
51. What was the territory of the present Voronezh region by the time the formation of the Russian centralized state was completed?
a) it was a densely populated area with a large number of cities;
b) the territory was a "Wild Field" - a depopulated region with a completely destroyed economy; V
c) these lands were subordinate to the Crimean Khan.
52. Which Moscow prince is called the first collector of the Russian land?
a) Ivan Sh; V
b) Dmitry Donskoy;
c) Ivan Kalita;
d) Vasily Sh.
53. Which Moscow prince completed the unification of Russian lands around Moscow?
a) Ivan Sh;
b) Alexander Nevsky;
c) Dmitry Donskoy;
d) Vasily Sh. V
54. What was the name of the main form of boyar feudal land use in the 15th-mid-16th centuries.
a) estate; V
b) feud;
c) estate.
55. What were the consequences of the reforms carried out by the Chosen Rada and Ivan IV the Terrible in the middle of the 16th century?
a) the Russian Empire was formed;
b) decentralization of state administration was carried out;
c) there was an increase in the centralization of power in the Russian state. V
56. Which Moscow prince first promulgated written laws, called the Code of Laws?
a) Vasily the Dark;
b) Vasily Sh;
c) Ivan Sh; V
d) Ivan the Terrible.
57. Did Russia in the second half of the 15th - mid-16th centuries. diplomatic, trade relations with countries with countries of the West and East?
a) extensive relations have been developed with a number of countries in Europe and Asia;
b) Russia was in diplomatic isolation;
c) Russia restored broken relations with the countries of the East and West and began to develop new ones. V
58. Choose the correct chronological order of the change of candidates for the Russian throne during the Time of Troubles (1598 - 1613):
a) Fyodor Godunov, False Dmitry 1, Vladislav, False Dmitry P, Boris Godunov, Vasily Shuisky;
b) False Dmitry 1, Boris Godunov, Fedor Godunov, False Dmitry P, Vladislav, Vasily Shuisky;
c) Boris Godunov, Fyodor Godunov, False Dmitry 1, Vasily Shuisky, False Dmitry P, Vladislav. V
59. When did the formation of absolutism begin in Russia?
a) under Ivan Sh;
b) under Ivan 1U;
c) under Mikhail Fedorovich;
d) under Alexei Mikhailovich; V
e) under Peter 1.
60. How can one characterize the state policy after the Time of Troubles?
a) as liberal;
b) as conservative; V
c) as democratic.
61. Thanks to what document could people from the “vile” estates count on receiving a title of nobility in Russia?
a) "Charter to the nobility";
b) the General Regulations;
c) "Tables of Ranks"; V
d) the statute of the Chief Magistrate;
e) the Council Code of 1649
62. In 1719, a museum and a library attached to it were opened for free visiting in St. Petersburg. What was his name?
a) the Hermitage;
b) Artillery Museum;
c) Kunstkamera; V
d) Russian Museum;
e) Naval Museum.
63. What is the main goal of Peter 1?
a) strengthening the personal power of the monarch;
b) the desire to modernize Russian society; V
c) strengthening the country's defense capability;
d) ensuring total control by states both over the activities and the personal lives of citizens.
64. What places and architectural structures of Voronezh are associated with the stay of Peter 1 and the construction of the navy?
a) the so-called "Arsenal";
b) "Petrovsky Island" and the Assumption Church; V
c) the so-called "Travel Palace";
65. What direction of Russia's foreign policy was the main one in the last years of the reign of Peter 1?
a) Far East (associated with the preparation of the expedition of V. Bering);
b) Balkan (rapprochement between Russia and Montenegro);
c) South. V
66. What phenomenon in Russian history has been called the policy of "enlightened absolutism"?
a) the reforms of Peter 1;
b) the policy of the government of Catherine II; V
c) the liberation of peasants from serfdom by Alexander II;
67 . Who was called "temporarily liable" in post-reform Russia?
a) a breeder who rented a state-owned enterprise for a while;
b) a soldier who retired after military service in the reserve;
c) land tenant;
d) a peasant. V
68. Which of the bourgeois reforms of the 60-70s. Х1Х century turned out to be the most radical and consistent?
a) zemstvo;
b) urban;
c) military;
d) judicial; V
e) financial;
e) in the field of education.
69. Name the longest bourgeois reform of the nineteenth century.
a) zemstvo;
b) urban;
c) military; V
d) judicial.
70 . Name the features of the development of capitalism in Russia.
a) accelerated comprehensive development of the country; V
b) the development of the economy only at the expense of Russian capital;
c) capitalism in Russia did not have its own characteristics.
71. Select three opposing socio-political currents that have developed in Russia at the turn of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries.
a) government, liberal, revolutionary-democratic; V
b) liberal-monarchist, populist;
c) reactionary, constitutional, anarchist;
72. What are the goals in the revolution of 1905-1907. were the basis for the unification of the parties of the "left bloc"?
a) the implementation of the bourgeois-democratic revolution and the destruction of the autocracy;
b) the implementation of the bourgeois-democratic revolution and its development into a socialist revolution;
c) the implementation of the bourgeois-democratic revolution and the destruction of the autocracy. The highest ideal of struggle is the replacement of capitalism by socialism. V
73. Have there been any positive changes in Russia since the revolution of 1905-1907?
a) the revolution was defeated and therefore did not lead to any changes in society;
b) a certain improvement in the economic situation of the workers and peasants was achieved;
c) despite the defeat of the revolution, its outcome was a partial modernization of the state system and its further evolution towards transformation into a bourgeois monarchy. V
74. The main provisions of the program of which party included the "Land Decree"?
a) the Bolshevik Party;
b) the Socialist-Revolutionary Party; V
c) the cadet party.
75. Why did the Bolsheviks need power in the country?
a) physically destroy all representatives of the bourgeoisie;
b) to enrich the members of his party by robbing the whole people;
c) abolish capitalist ownership of land, factories and other basic means of production in order to build socialism. V
76. One of the most important steps in the transition to civilian life after the civil war in Russia was the decision to:
a) replacing the surplus with a tax in kind; V
b) the return of land to the landowners;
c) permission for the activities of the parties of the Cadets and Octobrists;
d) denationalization of large-scale industry.
77. Why is December 30, 1922 considered the day of the formation of the USSR?
a) on this day, the 1st Congress of Soviets of the USSR began its work; V
b) on this day, all Soviet republics signed a union treaty;
c) on that day, at the congress of the RCP (b), a decision was made to form the USSR.
78 . What kind of society was built in the 30s?
a) a socialist society has been built; V
b) an industrial society has been built;
c) a post-industrial society has been built.
79. What events completed the turning point during the Great Patriotic War?
a) the withdrawal of Soviet troops to the state border of the USSR;
b) Moscow battle;
c) Battle of Kursk; V
d) Battle of Stalingrad.
80. When was the city of Voronezh liberated from the Nazi invaders?
a) November 19, 1942;
b) August 23, 1943;
c) January 25, 1943; V
d) July 18, 1943
81. How can you evaluate the activities of N.S. Khrushchev?
a) only positively;
b) only negative;
c) his activities were controversial. As a result of his leadership, certain successes were achieved in our country, but miscalculations were also made. V
82. What does Khrushchev's "thaw" mean after Stalin's death?
a) a number of important state measures aimed at the partial democratization of the life of society;
b) a series of measures on a national scale aimed at the complete liberalization of the country;
c) the revival of the cultural life of the country. V
83. What was characteristic of our country in the period from 1964 to the beginning of the 70s?
a) the scale and intensity of work to find ways to renew society, establish a scientific approach and the economy; V
b) reform of political structures;
c) major transformations in the social and spiritual development of society.
84. What were the results of the economic reform of 1965?
a) the reform did not bring the expected results; V
b) the reform gave a certain impetus to the economic development of the country and unleashed the initiative of industrial enterprises;
c) the reform caused changes in the management system of industry and construction;
d) the reform ended with great success in the development of the country.
85. What characterizes the stagnant period in the development of Soviet society (1970-1985)?
a) a sharp weakening of innovative aspirations, the conservation of the principles and forms of social organization; V
b) the struggle for radical change in all spheres of society
c) Soviet society did not have a stagnant period at all.
86. When was the final act of the Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe signed?
a) in 1975; V
b) in 1979;
c) in 1982
87. What were the reasons for the lag of our country behind the leading countries of the world in the conditions of the growing influence of scientific and technological revolution?
a) the lack of an effective management mechanism; V
b) deficiencies in the STP management system;
c) insufficient number and competence of scientific personnel;
d) the low level of activity and responsibility of the working masses.
Tests on "History of the Fatherland"
for the distance education system
(IDO MESI)
28.01.02
1. During the period of the formation of the Russian centralized state, the following form of feudal landownership appears and becomes more widespread ...
A) estate +
b) estate
c) public lands
2. The origin of the ruling dynasty in Russia is associated with the name ...
A) Askold
b) Dira
c) Rurik +
3. A new phenomenon in the economic life of the country In the 17th century, it became ...
A) the emergence of feudal landownership
b) the development of new territories by the Russian peasantry
c) the formation of the all-Russian market, the emergence of manufactories +
4. Determine the common features characteristic of the modernization of Peter 1 and Alexander 2
A) the reforms were aimed at solving the problems of maintaining the status of a great power, expansion and defense +
b) the reforms meant the creation of a civil and industrial society in Russia
5. Changes in the public consciousness of Russia in the 18th century were associated with the spread of ideas ...
A) revival
b) Reformation
c) Enlightenment +
6. The name of which reformer was associated with the abolition of serfdom in Russia,
judicial, zemstvo, military, city reforms?
A) Alexandra 2 +
b) S.Yu. Witte
c) A.P. Stolypin
7. The course of Russia, aimed at creating a wide layer of peasant farmers, expanding the social support of the autocracy in the countryside is associated with the name ...
A) P.A. Stolypin +
b) S.Yu. Witte
8. The theory of peasant communal socialism was first substantiated ...
A) SRs
b) A.I. Gertsenym +
c) Slavophiles
9. An alternative to the October coup of 1917 was the so-called "third way", that is, the achievement of civil accord through a coalition ...
A) Mensheviks, Socialist-Revolutionaries, Cadets
b) Mensheviks, Socialist-Revolutionaries and Bolsheviks +
